Broughton RUFC

Last updated

Broughton Rugby Club
Broughton badge 2019.jpg
Full nameBroughton Rugby Union Football Club
Union Lancashire RFU
Nickname(s)Broughton Griffins
formerly Broughton Wasps
Founded1869;154 years ago (1869) [1]
Location Salford, Greater Manchester, England
Ground(s)Broughton Cricket & Rugby Club, Yew Street, Salford
ChairmanCraig Barnes
Coach(es)Brian Collier
Captain(s)Craig Collier
League(s)Sale Sharks Division 3 North
Official website
outlook.com
The Broughton badge was updated for the 2019/2020 season, returning to a griffin instead of the lion that had been used over several seasons. The new badge is based on an original plaque for the Broughton Cricket Club that hangs in the club house Broughton badge 2019.jpg
The Broughton badge was updated for the 2019/2020 season, returning to a griffin instead of the lion that had been used over several seasons. The new badge is based on an original plaque for the Broughton Cricket Club that hangs in the club house
Old club badge featuring a lion BroughtonRUFC.jpg
Old club badge featuring a lion
Broughton Cricket Club plaque that hangs in the clubhouse. The 2019/20 badge is based on this plaque Broughton criket club.jpg
Broughton Cricket Club plaque that hangs in the clubhouse. The 2019/20 badge is based on this plaque

Broughton Rugby Union Football Club is a rugby union club based in Salford, Greater Manchester, which at the time of the club's founding in 1869 was in Lancashire, England. Its home venue is the Broughton Cricket & Rugby Club pitch on Yew Street. Broughton, although it currently occupies a low position in the English rugby union league system, is notable for its early important contributions to the development of rugby union most predominantly in the north of England, but also nationally. Broughton also hosted the first ever rugby match played under floodlights.

Contents

History

Broughton was the first Broughton football club in Manchester, [2] founded by members of a club known in 1869 as Broughton College, formed from former pupils of Broughton College, a public school in Salford at the time. [1] Its foundation in 1869 predates both the formation of Broughton Rangers (1877) and Broughton Park RUFC (1882). After playing two or three seasons on the Broughton Cricket Ground they changed their appellation to the Broughton Wasps, and soon played some of the strongest teams in the North. In 1877, the same year that Broughton Rangers were formed, the Wasps amalgamated with another Broughton club known as Wellington, who it is reported "were the first club to introduce the passing game into Lancashire, and brought it to such perfection, that, in spite of their youth, they succeeded in beating many of the principal clubs of the district.".

Lancashire Football Union

Broughton also played a pivotal role in the formation of the Lancashire Football Union (later to be called the Lancashire County Rugby Football Union). From 1870 to 1881 the government and arrangement of county matches in Lancashire had been vested in Manchester Football Club. Though self-appointed, Manchester was recognised as the authority by the other great Lancashire club, Liverpool. [3] However, a movement of emerging new clubs, headed by W. Bell, the honorary secretary of the Broughton Football Club, had an objective to secure a voice in the selection of county teams. In 1881 a general meeting of Lancashire clubs was called at which the following clubs were represented: Manchester Rangers; Free Wanderers; Broughton; Swinton; Walton; Rossendale; Oldham; Manchester Athletic; Rochdale Hornets; Chorley Birch; and Cheetham and a resolution to form the Lancashire Football Union was agreed. The initial committee had W. Bell as its honorary secretary and G. C. Lindsay as the honorary treasurer. [3] Two county matches were arranged altogether versus the Midland Counties and Lanarkshire (Scotland). Manchester then decided to wrest control of the county back, and on 22 December 1881 met with the new Union and a duly constituted and representative governing body, its club to be called The Lancashire County Football Club, was formed. Although the president, vice-presidents, the hon. secretary and treasurer were elected from the Manchester Football Club and the Liverpool Club, Broughton was represented by Bell on the committee.

The first floodlit match

Prior to the events leading to the formation of the Lancashire Union, Broughton was also the home side in the first rugby match under floodlights when they played Swinton in Salford on 22 October 1878. The match took place at Broughton's Yew Street ground in Salford and the floodlights used were two Gramme's lights, suspended from 30 feet poles. The match was comprehensively won by Broughton by two-goals, three tries, and three touchdowns to Swinton's none. A report in the Salford Weekly News dated 2 November 1878, provided some details of the match: "C.Sawyer kicked one of the goals from the field of play. Mudie the other from a fine try by J.Sawyer, while the three unsuccessful tries were secured by Riley, A.Bowam and Shut". The report went on to detail that probably "8,000 to 10,000 persons were present when the time for kick-off arrived". [4] Following the Broughton experiment with lights another match took place in Liverpool later that month under floodlights and very soon the practice became popular as the electric companies attempted to overturn the monopoly exercised by the gas companies. [4]

Later history

In the 1880s Broughton began to produce some players of international standing including Charles Montague Sawyer, John Henry Payne, and Frank Moss. [1]

2015/2016 Season (Raging Bull Division 5 East)

Joe Kennedy captained the team this season with Mike Moran as vice captain. and they finished in 2nd place, just behind rivals Didsbury Toc H 3rds. The team started the season strongly, winning 8/8 games but there was confusion mid season when the league organisers reset the league and stronger opponents were introduced into the league. The team were able to overcome the challenges that this caused. The team worked closely with The University of Salford during this season and used several students during the season as players

2nd place, promoted to Raging Bull Division 4 East

2015/2016 Squad (incomplete)

Forwards

Kade Backhouse, Laurence Douglas, Javier Galacho, Jack Jones, Mark Jones, Nick Jones, Joe Kennedy, Richard Ker, Ian Mac, Michael Moran, Henry Roberts, Jack Rodgers, Chris Shotton, Ryan Snape, Karl Stotty, Liam Whittaker

Backs

Reece Bottomley, Scott Davies, Simon Hindle, Richard Hutchins, Jon Kelly, Jonny Owen, Jamie Parker, Ryan Smyth, Jack Starr, Dom West, Frazer Worthington

2016/2017 Season (Raging Bull Division 4 East)

Having been promoted few could have predicted the season that was to come. Strong numbers in preseason gave the team confidence going into the season, a more structured approach with big numbers meant that the team was well prepared. Club captain was Jordan Parker. It was hoped that a 2nd team would join a lower league but numbers meant that plans for this were shelved. The team reached the final of the Raging Bull shield but failed at the last hurdle to a very strong Heaton Moor 2nd team (a team that looked unrecognisable from the one that Broughton had previously beaten twice in the league and it was evident that Heaton Moor had put their 1st team out against Broughton. In the league Broughton became Division 4 East Champions and lost only 1 game during the season.

1st place P-13 W-12 D-0 L-0 Wo-1 F-571 A-103 +/- +468 Pts-52

League Champions, promoted to Sale Sharks Division 3 North

2016/2017 Squad

Forwards

Ray Ashton, Kade Backhouse, Chris Brooker, Laurence Douglas, Jack Jones, Mark Jones, Nick Jones, Joe Kennedy, Richard Ker, Jordan Little, Michael Moran, Joshua Musk, Henry Roberts, Chris Shotton, Karl Stotty, Heleno Teixeira, Liam Whittaker

Backs

Reece Bottomley, Scott Davies, Kieran Fee, Mike Greensmith, Richard Hutchins, Jon Kelly, Alex McEwen, Jonny Owen, Jamie Parker, Jordan Parker, Ryan Smyth, Jack Starr, Harry James Warburton, Frazer Worthington

2017/2018 Season (Sale Sharks Division 3 North)

A newly promoted Broughton side looked to build on a nearly perfect, almost unbeaten season but the team knew that it was not going to be easy and the main focus was to compete and finish the season in a respectable position. Jordan Parker retained his place as captain with Jack Jones and Kade Backhouse coming in as vice captains. Broughton had struggled for numbers in preseason (perhaps a hangover from the previous season) and were often struggling for a full complement of players at game time, sometimes finishing games with 13 or 14 players on the pitch. Despite the problems and almost using their entire complement of allowed cancellations, the team finished in a respectable sixth position out of 12 teams (2 teams had folded and not completed the season: Carnforth and North West Mercenaries).

6th place - P-22 W-11 D-0 L-11 F-437 A-436 +/- +1 pts-52

2017/2018 Squad

Forwards

Ray Ashton, Kade Backhouse, Craig Barnes, Chris Brooker, Pete Chamberlain, Laurence Douglas, George Edwards, James Oogle, Jack Jones, Mark Jones, Nick Jones, Joe Kennedy, Richard Ker, Jordan Little, Michael Moran, Josh Musk, Henry Roberts, Chris Shotton, Karl Stotty, Liam Whittaker

Backs

Reece Bottomley, Zak Brooker, Scott Davies, Kieran Fee, Dave Galbraith, Mike Greensmith, Richard Hutchins, Patrick Koumou, Brad Mcdonagh, Alex McEwen, Jonny Owen, Jamie Parker, Jordan Parker, Jack Starr, Frazer Worthington

2018/2019 Season (Sale Sharks Division 3 North)

Team captain for this season was Kade Backhouse along with vice captain James Ogle (New Zealand). The team returned to playing in maroon, blue and gold with a heraldic lion on the badge, the new kit was made by Teejac. A promising preseason and a strong start suggested that Broughton would go on to finish their second season in division 3 north in a good position. However, dwindling numbers at training and showing up to games with scratch sides meant they would be dumped out of the cup in their first game and struggle to complete the full season. The team still had plenty of talented players and some promise, this attracted the attention of Brian Collier and, for first time in a few years, Broughton now had a coaching setup to help build and attract numbers. Towards the end of the season the team fought back from the drop zone to avoid relegation. This was thanks to the new coaching setup and new talent coming in. When numbers were low the team was also helped out by former captain Joe Kennedy, who returned for a few games towards the end of the season.

9th place - P-24 W-8 D-0 L-16 F-494 A-797 +/- -303 LB-2 pts-49

2018/2019 Squad

Forwards

Ray Ashton, Kade Backhouse, Craig Barnes, Chris Brooker, Stephen Butler, Craig Collier, Stuart Cork, Pete Chamberlain, Scott Davies, Jack Hussey, Jack Jones, Nick Jones, Joe Kennedy, Richard Ker, Michael Moran, Josh Musk (Tiger Hawkwind), James Ogle, Sam Randell, Lloyd Thomas, Liam Whittaker, Iwan Williams,

Backs

Jordan Banfield, Joshua Blammon, Ian Donegan, Dave Galbraith, Jake Hunter, Patrick Koumou, Alex McEwen, Sam Mills, Jonny Owen, Jamie Parker, Jordan Parker, Joel Richards, Josh Salmon, Keenan Sheffield, Ryan Smyth, Rees Stringer

Tour

The team took a tour to South Wales at the end of the season, playing against St. Peters RFC in Roath, Cardiff. The team also attended the Wales / England warm up game for the 2019 World Cup.

2019/2020 Season (Sale Sharks Division 3 North)

PreSeason

During preseason Broughton defeated Oldhams' 2nd team, a team that had just been promoted to division 2 and that had beaten Broughton twice in the previous season. Broughton played the first 20 minutes with a strong 1st team and then played the following 40 minutes with their 2nd team, reverting to the 1st team for the final 20 minutes. Following this win Broughton took a severely depleted team to Rochdale and were comprehensively beaten by Rochdale's 2nd team, a team that plays in Sale Sharks Division 1. Rochdale showed little respect to the visitors. Preseason finished off at an international tournament at Preston Grasshoppers where Broughton played against Dendermonde Rugby Club and Preston Grasshoppers 3rd team. Broughton lost both games but were showing real promise in their new play-style, dominating in the forwards, especially at scrum time but just lacking enough in the back-line to finish things off.

Season

Broughton RUFC started this season in the Sale Sharks Division 3 North, having narrowly missed out on relegation. The club strip was updated, retaining the same colours. A new badge was created and changed from the lion back to a griffin. This season also saw the introduction of a Broughton 2nd team, the first time in 8 years that this happened. The increase in playing numbers has been attributed to the arrival of coach Brian Collier, who has transformed training sessions and allowed the team to look forward with increased ambitions, hoping to move into an RFU league and gain accreditation. This season saw Kade Backhouse as club captain, Jordan Parker as playing captain of the 1st team and Stephen Butler as 2nd team captain.

Overall despite sadly the season coming to a close earlier than expected this was an excellent season for Broughton RUFC. The team finished top of the table after some great wins against the likes of Preston Grasshopers 3rds, Wigans 2nds and Blackpool respectively. This has put the team in good stead to look forward and push on to great things for the future using the platform they've built. 13 teams started the league with one team that folded and did not complete the season: Thornton Cleveleys 2nd XV.

1st place - P-18 W-15 D-0 L-3 pts-80

Lastly looking at the newly formed 2nd XV for Broughton, they had a very positive debut season reaching 11th in the table. The league had some great opposition which put the lads to the test and looks to have helped them find their feet. Once again this platform set allows the team to reflect back on the season and make improvement and hopefully work their way up the table next season.

11th place - P20 W6 D1 L13 pts-43

2019/2020 season squad

Coach

Brian Collier

Forwards

Jonny Appleby, Kade Backhouse, Craig Barnes, Andy Bowen, Chris Brooker, Stephen Butler, Craig Collier, Stuart Cork, Sam Donley, Callum Ellis, Kieran Evans, Dave Galbraith, Callum Hulston, Jack Hussey, Kevin Iles, Richard Ker, Alex McCay, Jono Mitchell, Michael Moran, Sam Randell, Jack Ryan, Lloyd Thomas, Liam Whittaker, Iwan Williams

Backs

Jordan Banfield, Joshua Blammon, Ant Butterworth, Dylan Currie, Luke Ellis, George Galbraith, Mike Greensmith, Patrick Koumou, Alex McEwen, Sam Mills, Jonny Owen, Jamie Parker, Jordan Parker, Joel Richards, Josh Salmon, Ryan Smyth, Jack Starr, Rees Stringer, Brian Thokoza, Ryan Tyrer, Josh Webb.

2020/2021 Season (ADM Division 1)

PreSeason

With the club looking at the season ahead already, Broughton RUFC opened up with exciting news announcing they have had their application to the RFU ADM Division 1 accepted for the 2020/21 season. Alongside this the Broughton 2nd XV announced they would be participating in the RFU ADM Division 2 also going in to the 2020/21 season. Next up it was revealed the captains of both sides for the forthcoming season: Jordan Parker would captain the 1st XV alongside Craig Collier coming in as vice captain, Stephen Butler would continue to captain the Broughton 2nd XV with Dan Doorbar as his vice captain.

2020/2021 season squad

Coach

Brian Collier

Forwards

TBC

Backs

TBC

Current squad

The Broughton RUFC squad for the 2019–20 season is:Note: Flags indicate national union as has been defined under WR eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-WR nationality.

PlayerPositionUnion
Craig Collier Hooker Flag of England.svg England
Callum Ellis (1/4 Irish) Hooker Flag of England.svg England
Callum Hulston Hooker Flag of England.svg England
Iwan Williams Hooker Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg Wales
Liam Whittaker Hooker Flag of England.svg England
Kade Backhouse (c) Prop Flag of England.svg England
Craig Barnes Prop Flag of England.svg England
Stuart Cork Prop Flag of England.svg England
Sam Donley Prop Flag of England.svg England
Jack Hussey Prop Flag of England.svg England
Sam Randell Prop Flag of England.svg England
Chris Brooker Lock Flag of England.svg England
Richard Ker Lock Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg Wales
Alex McCay Lock Flag of England.svg England
Jack Ryan Lock Flag of England.svg England
Lloyd Thomas Lock Flag of England.svg England
Jonny Appleby Back row Flag of England.svg England
Andy Bowen Back row Flag of England.svg England
Stephen Butler (c) Back row Flag of England.svg England
Dave Galbraith Back row Flag of England.svg England
Kevin Iles Back row Flag of England.svg England
Jono Mitchell Back row Flag of England.svg England
Michael Moran Back row Flag of England.svg England
Sam Mills Scrum-half Flag of England.svg England
PlayerPositionUnion
Jamie Parker Scrum-half Flag of England.svg England
Ryan Smyth Scrum-half Flag of England.svg England
Mike Greensmith Fly-half Flag of England.svg England
Jordan Parker (c) Fly-half Flag of England.svg England
Ant Butterworth Centre Flag of England.svg England
Luke Ellis Centre Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg Wales
George Galbraith Centre Flag of England.svg England
Patrick Koumou Centre Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Congo
Jonny Owen Centre Flag of England.svg England
Joel Richards Centre Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg Wales
Brian Thokoza Centre Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa
Harry Coleman Centre Flag of England.svg England
Jordan Banfield Wing Flag of England.svg England
Joshua Blammon Wing Flag of England.svg England
Dylan Currie Wing Flag of England.svg England
Kai Hindson Wing Flag of England.svg England
Alex McEwan Wing Flag of England.svg England
Josh salmon Wing Flag of England.svg England
Ryan Tyrer Wing Flag of England.svg England
Josh Webb Wing Flag of England.svg England
Jack Starr Fullback Flag of England.svg England
Rees Stringer Fullback Flag of England.svg England

Honours

Notable former players

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salford Red Devils</span> English professional rugby league football club

The Salford Red Devils are a professional rugby league club in Salford, Greater Manchester, England, who play in the Super League. Formed in 1873, they have won six Championships and one Challenge Cup. Their home ground since 2012 has been the AJ Bell Stadium in Barton-upon-Irwell, before which they played at the Willows in Weaste. Before 1995, the club was known simply as Salford, from 1995 to 1998 Salford Reds and from 1999 to 2013 Salford City Reds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swinton Lions</span> English professional rugby league club

The Swinton Lions are a professional rugby league club based in Swinton, Greater Manchester, England, which competes in the Championship. The club has won the Championship six times and three Challenge Cups. Before 1996, the club was known simply as Swinton RĹFC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broughton, Salford</span> Suburb of Salford, Greater Manchester, England

Broughton is a suburb and district of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. Located on the east bank of the River Irwell, it is 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of Manchester and 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Prestwich.

Broughton Rangers were one of the twenty-one rugby clubs which met at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, in 1895 to form the Northern Rugby Football Union. They were originally based in Broughton, Salford, but in 1933 moved to Gorton, Manchester to play at the Belle Vue Stadium, and were renamed Belle Vue Rangers in 1946. The club folded in 1955.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Broughton Rangers</span> Defunct English amateur rugby league club

New Broughton Rangers were a rugby league team based in Broughton, Salford. They played in the North West Premier division of the Rugby League Conference, but have since withdrawn from the league and are no longer active. New Broughton Rangers are not connected to the historic rugby league club Broughton Rangers. The rights to the intellectual property of Broughton Rangers and Belle Vue Rangers are owned by entrepreneur Stefan Hopewell, who is also currently chairman of Mancunians RL, based in the south of the city.

Hubert Charles Day was a rugby hooker who played rugby union for Newport and rugby league for Salford. He was awarded five caps for Wales under union rules and was part of the Welsh side that won the 1931 Five Nations Championship. At Salford Day forged a reputation as the greatest hooker to play for the club, his record 488 appearances for the club went unbroken for over 35 years.

Alan Buckley was an English rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Broughton Park RUFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain and England, and at club level for Swinton, as a left-centre, i.e. number 4. Buckley joined Swinton from Broughton Park RUFC in Chorlton-cum-Hardy near the end of the 1950s, and was virtually an overnight sensation at Station Road tearing through opposing defences with his blistering pace and determined running.

Thomas White was an English rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Somerset, at armed services level for the Army, and at club level for Bath (captain) and Bristol as a goal-kicking half-back, i.e. number 9 (scrum-half) or 10 (fly-half/outside-half), and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain, England and Lancashire, and at club level for Oldham, as a goal-kicking wing, stand-off, or scrum-half, i.e. number 2 or 5, 6, or 7.

William Watkins was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Cross Keys RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain and Wales, and at club level for Salford and wartime-guest at Oldham RLFC, as a scrum-half.

George Ruddick was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1890s, 1900s and 1910s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Brecon RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain, Wales, and Lancashire, and at club level for Broughton Rangers, as a forward.

William Arthur Williams was a Welsh dual-code international rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Wales, and at club level for Crumlin and Cross Keys as a flanker, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain and Wales, and at club level for Salford (captain), as a prop, or second-row, i.e. number 8 or 10, or, 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums.

The 1901–02 Northern Rugby Football Union season was the seventh season of rugby league football run by England's Northern Rugby Football Union. A number of off-season changes made this season different from preceding ones. In June 1901 fourteen leading clubs from both Lancashire and Yorkshire resigned from their respective senior competitions to form a new Northern Rugby Football League.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jim Valentine</span> England international rugby union, and rugby league footballer

James Valentine, also known by the nickname of "Jim Val", was an English rugby union, and semi-professional Northern Union footballer who played in the 1880s, 1890s and 1900s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for England and Lancashire, and at club level for Swinton, as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, and club level rugby league (RL) for Swinton, as a forward, during the era of contested scrums. Prior to 2 June 1896, Swinton was a rugby union club.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lancashire County Rugby Football Union</span> Rugby union in England

The Lancashire County Rugby Football Union is the society responsible for rugby union in the county of Lancashire, England, and is one of the constituent bodies of the national Rugby Football Union having been formed in 1881. In addition it is the county that has won the County Championship on most occasions

Broughton Cricket Club Ground is a cricket ground in Broughton, Salford, Greater Manchester. The first recorded match on the ground was in 1851, when Broughton played an All-England Eleven.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broughton Park RUFC</span> Rugby team

Broughton Park RUFC, is one of the oldest rugby union clubs in England and was established in 1882, just one year after the Lancashire County Rugby Football Union was founded and eleven years after the formation of the national Rugby Football Union. The first XV plays in North 1 West, a sixth level league in the English league system following their promotion as champions of South Lancs/Cheshire 1 at the end of the 2017-18 season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Payne (rugby union, born 1858)</span> England international rugby union footballer

John Henry Payne was an English rugby union footballer who played in the 1880s. He played at representative level for England, and Lancashire (captain), and at club level for Broughton RUFC, as a half-back, e.g. fly-half, or scrum-half, he died in Victoria Park, Manchester.

Lancs/Cheshire Division 1 was a regional English Rugby Union league for teams from Cheshire, Merseyside, Lancashire and Greater Manchester, ranked at tier 8 of the English league system. The top two clubs are promoted to North 2 West and the bottom two clubs are relegated to Lancs/Cheshire 2. Each season two teams from Lancs/Cheshire 1 are picked to take part in the RFU Senior Vase - one affiliated with the Cheshire RFU, the other with the Lancashire RFU.

The 1931–32 Lancashire Cup was the twenty-fourth occasion on which the Lancashire Cup competition had been held. Once again a new name was to be added to the trophy this year as it was the turn of Salford, who won the trophy for the first time by beating neighbours and close rivals Swinton in the final by 10-8.

1936–37 was the twenty-ninth occasion on which the Lancashire Cup completion had been held.
Salford won the trophy by beating Wigan by 5-2
The match was played at Wilderspool, Warrington, now in the County Palatine of Chester but (historically in the county of Lancashire. The attendance was 17,500 and receipts were £1,160.
This was the third of the three consecutive Lancashire Cup finals in which Salford would beat Wigan

References

  1. 1 2 3 Francis Marshall, Football, the rugby union game
  2. Tony Collins, Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football, page 8, (Taylor & Francis), 2006, ISBN   0-415-39616-6, ISBN   978-0-415-39616-5
  3. 1 2 Francis Marshall, Football; the Rugby union game, page 373, London
  4. 1 2 Rugby Football History online