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|
 | |
 Brunei |  China |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of Brunei, Beijing | Embassy of China, Bandar Seri Begawan |
| Envoy | |
| Ambassador Abdu'r Rahmani | Ambassador Xiao Jianguo |
Brunei and China established formal diplomatic relations in 1991. Brunei has an embassy in Beijing, and China has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. [1]
Direct contact between China and Brunei began as early as the 10th century. This claim is supported by the archaeological findings of Chinese artifacts at Kampong Limau Manis, Brunei Darussalam. More than 50,000 ceramic shards, dating between the 10th and 14th centuries, have been collected from the Limau Manis site, [2] a discovery that could prove that Chinese-Bruneian relations have existed for a long time.
In 1932, China declared that its southernmost territory was the Paracel Islands, not the Spratly Islands where Brunei has a claim. [3] [4] [5] China reiterated this in 1943, [6] but revised its position in 1947, where they officially claimed the Spratlys, beginning a dispute with the territory of Brunei. [7]
In modern times, relations between the two nations are not as close since Brunei was a British protectorate, beginning in the 19th century until it gained official independence on 1 January 1984. [8] During this time, there were also various concerns in Brunei particularly toward communism and its sensitivities to the ethnic Chinese population. [8] On 30 September 1991, Brunei became the last member of ASEAN to establish official diplomatic relations with China. [1]
In June 2013, the Chinese naval hospital ship Peace Ark visited Brunei. [9] : 162
In 2019, Chinese leader and CCP general secretary Xi Jinping visited Brunei. An opinion letter published by the national newspaper, Borneo Bulletin, hailed it as an "exceptional moment" in Brunei–China relations. [10] Many believe that further Chinese relations with Brunei would serve to help the country economically; for example, the establishment of Hengyi Petrochemical Complex and the setting up of StarCity Brunei have been cited as investments into the economy that would help to diversify the rentier state further. [11] However, China's growing influence is seen with suspicion by other external powers, such as the United States, [12] but Brunei is confident that it sees China as a strong and dependable economic ally and vice versa.[ citation needed ]
In 2011, trade between the two countries has increased to US$1.3 billion. [8] The two countries promote practical co-operation in some areas such as infrastructure construction, agriculture and fishery. [13] Some Chinese companies also have agreed to finance two projects in aquaculture and paddy production in Brunei which worth about U$10 million. [14]
The Brunei-Guangxi Economic Corridor was established in 2014, into which approximately US$500 million has been promised. [15] China is the largest foreign investor in Brunei, with investments estimated at US$4.1 billion. [15]
The Chinese Ambassador to Brunei, Yang Hian, described Brunei as an important part of the Belt and Road Initiative. [15] China and Brunei operate Brunei's largest port, Muara Container Terminal, as a joint venture between China's Guangxi Beibu Gulf Port Group and Darussalam Assets Sdn Bhd. [15]
According to Chatham House fellow Bill Hayton, China is pressuring Brunei to allow it more access to Brunei's exclusive economic zone. [15]
Brunei, officially Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2023, the country had a population of 455,858, of whom approximately 180,000 resided in the capital and largest city of Bandar Seri Begawan. Its official language is Malay and Islam is the state religion of the country, although other religions are nominally tolerated. The government of Brunei is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia.
Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with 170 out of 193 countries, joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, one week after resuming full independence, and gives its ASEAN membership the highest priority in its foreign relations. Brunei joined the United Nations in September 1984. It is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and the Commonwealth of Nations. Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000. In 2005 it attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.
The history of Brunei concerns the settlements and societies located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, which has been under the influence of Indianised kingdoms and empires for much of its history. Local scholars assume that the Islamisation of Brunei started in the fifteenth century with the formation of the Bruneian Empire, a thalassocracy that covered the northern part of Borneo and Sulu. At the end of the 17th century, Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by the Brunei Civil War, piracy, and European colonial expansion. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei evacuated its capital for a brief period until the Spanish withdrew. The empire lost much of its territory with the arrival of the Western powers, such as the Spanish in Luzon and Visayas and the British in Labuan, Sarawak, and North Borneo. The decline of the Bruneian Empire accelerated in the nineteenth century when Brunei gave much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin later appealed to the British to stop further annexation in 1888. In the same year, the British signed a "Treaty of Protection" and made Brunei a British protectorate until 1984 when it gained independence and prospered due to the discovery of oil.
The Brunei River is a river which flows through Brunei and empties into the Brunei Bay towards the north-east direction. The Istana Nurul Iman, the official residence of the Sultan of Brunei, stands on its banks. The Brunei River is the shortest major river in Brunei. It is the major river basin within the Brunei-Muara District, the smallest but most populous district. It flows through the country's capital Bandar Seri Begawan. It is home to Kampong Ayer, the Brunei's traditional village on stilts above the river water.
The Philippines has claims on territories which include the Spratly Islands, portions of North Borneo, and the Scarborough Shoal.
The Sultanate of Brunei or simply Brunei, also known as the Brunei Empire, was a Malay sultanate, centered around Brunei on the northern coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Brunei became a sovereign state around the 15th century, when it substantially expanded after the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese, extending throughout coastal areas of Borneo and the Philippines, before it declined in the 17th and 18th centuries. It became a British protectorate in the 19th century.
Sansha City is a prefecture-level city under the Hainan province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and is the southernmost and least populated prefecture in China by far, with the smallest land area but the largest maritime territory. The city's seat is located on Yongxing Island in the South China Sea, and administers several island groups, atolls, seamounts and a number of other ungrouped maritime features within the nine-dash line, although the PRC's de facto control over the area varies. The name "Sansha", literally meaning "three sands", refers to the three archipelago districts of Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha.
China and Indonesia established formal diplomatic relations in 1949, more commonly referred to as Sino-Indonesian relations. Prior to this, for many centuries, the two countries maintained a variety of relations mainly in informal trade. Under Sukarno’s presidency, from 1945 to 1967, relations with China deepened, as in the early 1960s Sukarno embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism and personally championed the Non-Aligned Movement. These developments led to increasing friction with the West and closer relations both with China and the USSR.
Brunei and Malaysia established diplomatic relations in 1984. Brunei has a high commission in Putrajaya, as well as consulate-generals in Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. Malaysia maintains a high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. Both countries are full members of ASEAN and the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries share a land border on the island of Borneo. Both countries are majority ethnic Malays and maintain excellent and close economic, cultural, political and defence ties.
The Spratly Islands dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute among Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam concerning "ownership" of the Spratly Islands, a group of islands and associated "maritime features" located in the South China Sea. The dispute is characterized by diplomatic stalemate and the employment of military pressure techniques in the advancement of national territorial claims. All except Brunei occupy some of the maritime features.
Territorial disputes in the South China Sea involve conflicting island and maritime claims in the South China Sea made by Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan, and Vietnam. The disputes involve the islands, reefs, banks, and other features of the region, including the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Scarborough Shoal, and various boundaries in the Gulf of Tonkin. The waters near the Indonesian Natuna Islands, which some regard as geographically part of the South China Sea, are disputed as well.
Brunei and Cambodia established diplomatic relations in 1992. Brunei has an embassy in Phnom Penh, and Cambodia has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. Both countries co-operate in trade, education and defence. Both countries are members of ASEAN.
Brunei and Vietnam established diplomatic relations in 1992. Brunei has an embassy in Hanoi, and Vietnam has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. Relations between the two countries have always been friendly especially in political field.
Brunei and France have had diplomatic relations since 1984. Brunei has an embassy in Paris, and France has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.
Brunei and Germany established diplomatic relations in 1984. Brunei has an embassy in Berlin, and Germany has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.
Brunei–Japan relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between Brunei and Japan. Brunei has an embassy in Tokyo, and Japan has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.
The article covers events relevant to the ongoing territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Even before the common era, maritime trading networks had already been established in the high seas of the region. Prior to World War II, China, France, and Japan disputed over the Paracel and Spratly Islands. After the war, Brunei, Malaysia, the People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam became involved in the conflict.
The Muara Port, also known as Muara Harbour, is a seaport operated by the Muara Port Company (MPC) Sdn Bhd, under the supervision of the Maritime and Port Authority of Brunei Darussalam. The port also contributed to the Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA).
Mohd Amin Liew bin Abdullah or also referred to as Dato Dr Amin, is a Bruneian politician and businessperson whom is the incumbent second Minister of Finance and Economy II and the Minister at the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) since 2018, and the chairman of the Brunei Economic Development Board (BEDB) and Bank Islam Brunei Darussalam (BIBD).
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