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NIMBY, an acronym for the phrase "not in my back yard", is a characterization of opposition by residents to proposed developments in their local area, as well as support for strict land use regulations. It carries the connotation that such residents are only opposing the development because it is close to them and that they would tolerate or support it if it were built farther away. The residents are often called nimbys, and their viewpoint is called nimbyism. The opposite movement is known as YIMBY for "yes in my back yard".
The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit is a dollar-for-dollar tax credit in the United States for affordable housing investments. It was created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) and gives incentives for the utilization of private equity in the development of affordable housing aimed at low-income Americans, with affordability restrictions on the properties expiring 15-30 years later. LIHTC accounts for the majority of all newly created affordable rental housing in the United States today. The maximum rent that can be charged for designated affordable units is based on Area Median Income (AMI), and over 50% of residents in LIHTC properties are considered Extremely Low-Income. The credits are also commonly called Section 42 credits in reference to the applicable section of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax credits are more attractive than tax deductions as the credits provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction in a taxpayer's federal income tax, whereas a tax deduction only provides a reduction in taxable income. The "passive loss rules" and similar tax changes made by TRA86 greatly reduced the value of tax credits and deductions to individual taxpayers. Less than 10% of current credit expenditures are claimed by individual investors.
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The Costa–Hawkins Rental Housing Act ("Costa–Hawkins") is a California state law, enacted in 1995, which places limits on municipal rent control ordinances. Costa–Hawkins preempts the field in two major ways. First, it prohibits cities from establishing rent control over certain kinds of residential units, e.g., single-family dwellings and condominiums, and newly constructed apartment units; these are deemed exempt. Second, it prohibits "vacancy control", also called "strict" rent control. The legislation was sponsored by Democratic Senator Jim Costa and Republican Assemblymember Phil Hawkins.
Starting in the 1990s, the city of San Francisco, and the surrounding San Francisco Bay Area have faced a serious housing shortage, such that by October 2015, San Francisco had the highest rents of any major US city. The nearby city of San Jose, had the fourth highest rents, and adjacent Oakland, had the sixth highest. Over the period April 2012 to December 2017, the median house price in most counties in the Bay Area nearly doubled. Late San Francisco mayor Ed Lee called the shortage a "housing crisis", and news reports stated that addressing the shortage was the mayor's "top priority". The Bay Area's housing shortage is related to the California housing shortage.
The Housing Accountability Act (HAA) is a California state law designed to promote infill development by speeding housing approvals. The Act was passed in 1982 in recognition that "the lack of housing, including emergency shelter, is a critical statewide problem," and has also been referred to as "the anti-NIMBY law." It empowers the State of California to limit the ability of local government to restrict the development of new housing. The Act was strengthened by its amendment in 2017.
Since about 1970, California has been experiencing an extended and increasing housing shortage, such that by 2018, California ranked 49th among the states of the U.S. in terms of housing units per resident. This shortage has been estimated to be 3-4 million housing units as of 2017. Experts say that California needs to double its current rate of housing production to keep up with expected population growth and prevent prices from further increasing, and needs to quadruple the current rate of housing production over the next seven years in order for prices and rents to decline.
California Senate Bill 35 is a statute streamlining housing construction in California counties and cities that fail to build enough housing to meet state mandated housing construction requirements. The bill was introduced to the California State Assembly by State Senator Scott Wiener (D-SF) on December 15, 2016. SB 35 aims to address the California housing shortage by increasing housing supply. The bill was signed into law on September 29, 2017 by Governor Jerry Brown as part of California’s 2017 Housing Package – a set of 15 bills that provide “an injection of new regulatory and financial resources” for cities.
Housing is a vital economic sector in the United States, contributing to 15% of the GDP. Owner-occupancy is commonplace; the majority own their home. For regional details, see also housing in the United States by state.
Single-family zoning is a type of planning restriction applied to certain residential zones in the United States and Canada in order to restrict development to only allow single-family detached homes. It disallows townhomes, duplexes, and multifamily housing (apartments) from being built on any plot of land with this zoning designation.
References
- ↑ Taylor, Mac (2015). California's High Housing Costs (PDF). California Legislative Analyst's Office.
- ↑ Britschgi, Christian (2022-09-09). "This renegade California developer wants to build a 2,300-unit megaproject in a NIMBY stronghold". Reason.com. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Bustamante, Claudia. "A Primer on California's "Builder's Remedy" for Housing-Element Noncompliance". UCLA Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Dilakian, Steven (2022-10-13). "Santa Monica's Failed Housing Plan Sparks Building Bonanza". The Real Deal Los Angeles. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Elmendorf, Chris [@CSElmendorf] (2021-12-24). "A 🧵on what I learned today from the bill file for SB 2011 (1990), which added a mysterious "builder's remedy" to California's Housing Accountability Act. 1/" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2022-12-24. Retrieved 2023-02-23– via Twitter.
- 1 2 Collins, Jeff (2023-02-27). "Some California cities can't stop apartment projects as developers use 'builder's remedy'". The Orange County Register. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
- ↑ Sawicki, Emily (2022-10-13). "Developers capitalize on Housing Element fiasco to force 3,968 undeniable units into the city's pipeline". Santa Monica Daily Press. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Sharp, Steven (2022-08-22). "Developer proposes 2,300 homes, offices, and more at AES site in Redondo Beach". Urbanize LA. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Sheyner, Gennady. "First 'builder's remedy' development proposed in Palo Alto". www.paloaltoonline.com. Retrieved 2023-04-09.
- ↑ McNamara, Patrick J. (2016-06-01). "NJ Appeals Court Upholds Builder's Remedy in Latest Affordable Housing Case". Government & Law Blog. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ "Six New Lessons For Builders from Toll v. West Windsor | Hill Wallack - New Jersey Law Firm". www.hillwallack.com. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Reid, Carolina (August 2016). "Borrowing Innovation, Achieving Affordability: What We Can Learn From Massachusetts Chapter 40B" (PDF).
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