San Francisco housing shortage

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This graphic shows the year that cities around the San Francisco Bay Area are projected to reach their 2040 housing targets as defined in Plan Bay Area 2040 (housing units needed to provide sufficient housing for the projected population growth) - in 2018, San Francisco was projected to be 23 years late to meet its 2040 target. In addition, the San Francisco Chronicle notes that: "Every single county is over-performing its job forecast, some by massive amounts, and every single county is under-performing its housing forecast, almost all by a wide margin," MTC director Steve Heminger said in his report to the Association of Bay Area Governments executive board last month. What year will San Francisco Bay Area cities reach their Plan2040 housing targets.pdf
This graphic shows the year that cities around the San Francisco Bay Area are projected to reach their 2040 housing targets as defined in Plan Bay Area 2040 (housing units needed to provide sufficient housing for the projected population growth) - in 2018, San Francisco was projected to be 23 years late to meet its 2040 target. In addition, the San Francisco Chronicle notes that:
"Every single county is over-performing its job forecast, some by massive amounts, and every single county is under-performing its housing forecast, almost all by a wide margin," MTC director Steve Heminger said in his report to the Association of Bay Area Governments executive board last month.

Starting in the 1990s, the city of San Francisco and the surrounding San Francisco Bay Area have faced a serious housing shortage. Such is that in October 2015, San Francisco had the highest rents of any major US city. [2] San Francisco has the slowest permitting process of any large city in the United States. The first stage can take an average of 450 calendar days, and the second stage taking 630 days for typical multi-family housing, or 860 days for a single-family house, [3] and the second-most expensive construction costs in the world ($473 / sq. ft.). [4]

Contents

The nearby city of San Jose, had the fourth highest rents, and adjacent Oakland, had the sixth highest. [2] Over the period April 2012 to December 2017, the median house price in most counties in the Bay Area nearly doubled. [5] Late San Francisco mayor Ed Lee called the shortage a "housing crisis", [6] and news reports stated that addressing the shortage was the mayor's "top priority". [7] The Bay Area's housing shortage is part of the broader California housing shortage.

Causes

Zoning

Strict zoning regulations are a primary cause behind the housing shortage in San Francisco. [8] [9] Historically, zoning regulations were implemented to restrict housing construction in wealthy neighborhoods, as well as prevent people of color from moving into white neighborhoods. [10] [11] [12] When explicit racial discrimination was prohibited with the 1968 Fair Housing Act, white neighborhoods began instituting zoning regulations that heavily prioritized single-family housing and prohibited construction of the kinds of housing that poor minorities could afford. [11] [12]

Since the 1960s, San Francisco and the surrounding Bay Area have enacted strict zoning regulations. [13] Among other restrictions, San Francisco does not allow buildings over 40 feet tall in most of the city, and has passed laws making it easier for neighbors to block developments. [14] Partly as a result of these codes, from 2007 to 2014, Bay Area cities have issued building permits for only half the number of needed houses, based on the area's population growth. [15]

Increased demand

During the same period, there was rapid economic growth of the high tech industry in San Francisco and nearby Silicon Valley, which created hundreds of thousands of new jobs. The resultant high demand for housing, combined with the lack of supply, (caused by severe restrictions on the building of new housing units [16] ) caused dramatic increases in rents and extremely high housing prices. [17] [18] [19] For example, from 2012 to 2016, the San Francisco metropolitan area added 373,000 new jobs, but permitted only 58,000 new housing units. [20]

Effects

Due to the advances of the city's economy from the increase of tourism, the boom of innovative tech companies, and insufficient new housing production, the rent increased by more than 50 percent by the 1990s. [21] [22] Many affluent tech workers migrated to San Francisco in pursuit of job opportunities and the lack of housing in the South Bay. [22] Until the end of the 1960s, San Francisco had affordable housing, which allowed people from many different backgrounds to settle down, but the economic shift impacted the city's demographics. [21] All of this resulted in constant gentrification of many neighborhoods. [23] By 1995, residents of areas such as the Tenderloin and The Mission District, which house many immigrants and low-income families, were faced with the possibility of eviction, in order to develop low-income housing into housing for high-income residents. [23] For example, residents of the Mission District, constituting 5 percent of the city's population, experienced 14 percent of the citywide evictions in the year 2000. [24]

The effect of housing policies has been to discourage migration to California, especially San Francisco and other coastal areas, as the California Legislative Analyst's Office 2015 report "California's High Housing Costs - Causes and Consequences" details: [From 1980-2010]

"If California had added 210,000 new housing units each year over the past three decades (as opposed to 120,000), [enough to keep California's housing prices no more than 80% higher than the median for the U.S. as a whole--the price differential which existed in 1980] population would be much greater than it is today.

We estimate that around 7 million additional people would be living in California.

In some areas, particularly the Bay Area, population increases would be dramatic. For example,

San Francisco's population would be more than twice as large (1.7 million people versus around 800,000)." [25]

On this issue, New York Times opinion writer Farhad Manjoo stated in 2019: "What Republicans want to do with I.C.E. and border walls, wealthy progressive Democrats are doing with zoning and Nimbyism. Preserving “local character,” maintaining “local control,” keeping housing scarce and inaccessible — the goals of both sides are really the same: to keep people out." [26]

Zoning tax

A 2021 study by housing economists Joseph Gyourko and Jacob Krimmel estimated that artificially inflated land prices—referred to as a "zoning tax", or the cost for the "right to build"—brought on by tight residential zoning rules amounted to more than $400,000 per home. [27] [28]

Responses

In an attempt to address evictions, San Francisco City Supervisor David Campos (D9) passed two new city ordinances, each requiring landlords to pay tens of thousands of dollars to each tenant evicted under the Ellis Act. The first ordinance was struck down in 2014 as unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment, [29] while the second was rejected the following yer as contrary to California state law. [30]

Mayor Ed Lee responded to the shortage by calling for the construction of 30,000 new housing units by 2020, and proposing a $310 million city bond to fund below-market-rate housing units. [31] The goal of 30,000 new units was approved by San Francisco voters in 2014's Proposition K, [32] and the affordable housing bond was passed in 2015 as Proposition A. [33]

In 2015, then City Supervisor Scott Wiener (D8) criticized the advocates of anti-development laws, writing an article titled "Yes, Supply & Demand Apply to Housing, Even in San Francisco" in response to Proposition I. Wiener called for greatly increasing the supply of all housing, including both subsidized housing and housing at market rate. [34]

In November 2015, San Francisco voters rejected two ballot propositions both of which were claimed by their supporters to reduce the crisis. The first, Proposition F, would have enacted a number of restrictions on Airbnb rentals within the city. The second, Proposition I or the "Mission Moratorium", would have blocked all housing development in San Francisco's Mission District for 18 months, except for developments in which every apartment was subsidized at a below-market rate.[ citation needed ] [35]

In 2017, almost 75% of all city land zoned residential allowed only single-family homes or duplexes. [36] [37] David Garcia, policy director of the Terner Center for Housing Innovation at UC Berkeley, said that a proposal to allow fourplexes everywhere would be a more equitable proposal, and that research shows that the housing shortage is so large that limiting new housing to specific areas would not sufficiently address the shortage. [36] [37]

In October 2021, the Board of Supervisors and Mayor Breed's office passed a proposal to allow slightly greater density by legalizing fourplexes for each lot and six unit complexes on corner lots. [38] Further, the measure lessens the property ownership time from five years (as the original proposal stated) to one year before owners can subdivide lots. While the policy has limited impact on streamlining the housing approval process, policy proposer and Board of Supervisor Rafael Mandelman called it "an important step in the right direction to increase [housing] density in San Francisco". [38]

One of the main avenues for increasing the amount of long-term housing options available to unhoused individuals is the removal of current affordable housing construction obstacles. While the city’s Board of Supervisors approved a streamlining ballot measure that would expedite the development approval process for projects that paid construction workers a middle-class wage for developments that are either 100% affordable housing, increased affordability/mixed-income housing, or educator housing, [39] the proposal (Proposition D) received only 49% of the minimum required 51% of votes in the November 2022 election. [40] Since then, robust policy proposals to streamline approval time have been limited. [41]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Ioannou, Filipa (2018-06-28). "It'll take this Bay Area city 966 years to meet its 22-year housing goal". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  2. 1 2 Elsen, Tracy (September 3, 2015). "San Francisco's Median Rent Hits Yet Another New High". SF Curbed. Archived from the original on 2016-02-26. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  3. ↑ Gardiner, Dustin; Neilson, Susie (2022-12-14). "627 days, just for the permit: This data shows the staggering timeline to build homes in S.F." San Francisco Chronicle . To build housing in San Francisco, developers must first receive planning approval, known as entitlement, to ensure the city supports the type, size and design of housing proposed for a site. This part of the process took an average of 450 days over the last 18 months, according to recent data from the state. Then comes post-entitlement — the focus of The Chronicle's analysis ... The typical applicant currently waits a staggering 627 calendar days before obtaining a full building permit from the city to construct a multifamily housing project, and 861 days before gaining the same approval for a single-family residence, the analysis found.
  4. ↑ "San Francisco metro area's new apartment construction on the decline". Axios. 2023.
  5. ↑ "Bay Area homes deliver record-breaking returns". The Mercury News. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  6. ↑ Coté, John (January 17, 2014). "Sneak peek: Mayor Ed Lee has a housing solution". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  7. ↑ Tyler, Carolyn (January 15, 2015). "San Francisco mayor focuses on housing crisis in State of City speech". ABC 7 News. Archived from the original on 2015-03-25. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  8. ↑ "What's Really to Blame for San Francisco's Housing Crisis". Bloomberg.com. 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  9. ↑ Oatman-Stanford, Hunter (2018-09-28). "The bad design that created one of America's worst housing crises". Fast Company. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  10. ↑ Trounstine, Jessica (2018). Segregation by Design: Local Politics and Inequality in American Cities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 31, 77, 82. doi:10.1017/9781108555722. ISBN   978-1-108-42995-5. S2CID   158682691.
  11. 1 2 Pandell, Lexi (2019-05-31). "The Racist Origins of San Francisco's Housing Crisis". The New Republic. ISSN   0028-6583 . Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  12. 1 2 "54% of San Francisco homes would be illegal to build today". sfzoning.deapthoughts.com. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  13. ↑ Smith, Matt (August 18, 1999). "Welcome Home". SF Weekly. Archived from the original on October 1, 2000. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  14. ↑ Russel, Kyle (April 8, 2014). "This One Intersection Explains Why Housing Is So Expensive In San Francisco". Business Insider. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  15. ↑ Weinberg, Cory (Apr 13, 2015). "Did your city fail the Bay Area's housing supply test? Probably". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  16. ↑ Torres, Blanca (2017-04-28). "Housing's tale of two cities: Seattle builds, S.F. lags". San Francisco Business Times. Archived from the original on 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
    So how can smaller Seattle make so much more housing happen than San Francisco? Developers active in both cities and officials who have worked in both point to structural differences that outweigh the demographic similarities. In San Francisco, development issues are routinely subject to consideration by neighborhood bodies, approval by the city planning commission and often ratification by its board of supervisors, with opportunities for decisions to be appealed. Seattle's approval process is much more streamlined ... The city's planning commission is strictly a policy entity. It does not approve or reject projects. The city council weighs in on projects only in rare cases. [In S.F.] ... he thinks that the California Environmental Quality Act, known as CEQA, makes it too easy for residents to sue projects, effectively holding them up for years or blocking them.
  17. ↑ Lee, Wendy (September 21, 2015). "Tech bus drivers forced to live in cars to make ends meet". SF Chronicle. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  18. ↑ Cutler, Kim-Mai (Apr 14, 2014). "How Burrowing Owls Lead To Vomiting Anarchists (Or SF's Housing Crisis Explained)". TechCrunch. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  19. ↑ Cutler, Kim-Mai (Nov 2, 2014). "So You Want To Fix The Housing Crisis". TechCrunch. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  20. ↑ Clark, Patrick (2017-06-23). "Why Can't They Build More Homes Where the Jobs Are?". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
    San Francisco's metropolitan area added 373,000 net new jobs in the last five years—but issued permits for only 58,000 units of new housing. The lack of new construction has exacerbated housing costs in the Bay Area, making the San Francisco metro among the cruelest markets in the U.S. Over the same period, Houston added 346,000 jobs and permitted 260,000 new dwellings, five times as many units per new job as San Francisco.
  21. 1 2 Whittle, Henry J.; Palar, Kartika; Hufstedler, Lee Lemus; Seligman, Hilary K.; Frongillo, Edward A.; Weiser, Sheri D. (2015). "Food insecurity, chronic illness, and gentrification in the San Francisco Bay Area: An example of structural violence in United States public policy". Social Science & Medicine. 143: 154–161. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.027. PMID   26356827.
  22. 1 2 Shaw, Randy (2018). "Who Gets to Live in the New Urban America". Generation Priced Out: Who Gets to Live in the New Urban America (1 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN   9780520299122. JSTOR   10.1525/j.ctv5cgbsh.
  23. 1 2 Robinson, Tony (1995). "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research". Urban Affairs Quarterly. 30 (4): 483–513. doi:10.1177/107808749503000401. S2CID   153614015.
  24. ↑ Pamuk, Ayse (2004-06-01). "Geography of immigrant clusters in global cities: a case study of San Francisco". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 28 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00520.x. ISSN   1468-2427.
  25. ↑ Taylor, Mac (2015-03-17). California's High Housing Costs - Causes and Consequences (PDF) (Report). CA Legislative Analysts Office. pp. 20, 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
  26. ↑ Manjoo, Farhad (2019-05-22). "America's Cities Are Unlivable. Blame Wealthy Liberals. - The demise of a California housing measure shows how progressives abandon progressive values in their own backyards". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. It was another chapter in a dismal saga of Nimbyist urban mismanagement that is crushing American cities. Not-in-my-backyardism is a bipartisan sentiment, but because the largest American cities are populated and run by Democrats — many in states under complete Democratic control — this sort of nakedly exclusionary urban restrictionism is a particular shame of the left.
  27. ↑ Gyourko, Joseph; Krimmel, Jacob (2021-07-01). "THE IMPACT OF LOCAL RESIDENTIAL LAND USE RESTRICTIONS ON LAND VALUES ACROSS AND WITHIN SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING MARKETS" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  28. ↑ Meyersohn, Nathaniel (2023). "The invisible laws that led to America's housing crisis". CNN. Restrictive zoning has impacted housing supply and affordability. A 2021 study found that in San Francisco, the "zoning tax" -— the amount land prices are artificially inflated due to restrictive residential zoning laws — was estimated at more than $400,000 per house.
  29. ↑ Egelko, Bob (October 22, 2014). "Judge tosses S.F. law meant to shield evicted tenants". SF Chronicle. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  30. ↑ Egelko, Bob (October 7, 2015). "Judge strikes down San Francisco eviction law". SF Chronicle. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  31. ↑ Johnson, Lizzie (October 2, 2015). "Is Mayor Lee's housing bond enough to crack this S.F. crisis?". SF Chronicle. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  32. ↑ "California Election Watch 2014: Bay Area Measures We're Following". KQED News. November 5, 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  33. ↑ Brooks, John (November 4, 2015). "S.F. Election: Lee Re-elected, Peskin Wins, Airbnb Curbs Fail". KQED News. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  34. ↑ Wiener, Scott (2015-02-20). "Yes, Supply & Demand Apply to Housing, Even in San Francisco". Medium. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  35. ↑ Khan, Naureen (November 4, 2015). "After failed propositions, San Francisco housing crisis still festering". Al Jazeera America. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  36. 1 2 Baldassari, Erin (2021-02-16). "California Cities Rethink the Single-Family Neighborhood". KQED .
  37. 1 2 Knight, Heather (2021-01-30). "S.F. supervisor's creative proposal: Make it hard to build McMansions, easier to build small apartments". San Francisco Chronicle . He actually thinks Mandelman would have a better chance of ensuring equity if he followed Sacramento's path and allowed fourplexes everywhere. Then large parts of the west side that have been frozen in time would finally have to carry their weight, alleviating the crush on the east side. ... "There's a lot of research on the need to increase housing supply in all in-fill areas, not just near transit," Garcia said. "San Francisco has some robust transit, but certainly not to the degree where limiting new housing to those areas is going to have as big of an impact as we need to address the full shortage."
  38. 1 2 "Fourplex Legislation Finally Passes Board of Supervisors on Mandelman's Third Try". SFist - San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports. 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  39. ↑ "San Francisco Prop D - Affordable Homes Now". SPUR. 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  40. ↑ "November 8, 2022 Final Election Results - Summary | Department of Elections". sfelections.sfgov.org. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  41. ↑ "Housing for All | SF Planning". sfplanning.org. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
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