C-390 Millennium

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C-390 Millennium
Embraer KC-390, Paris Air Show 2019, Le Bourget (SIAE0824).jpg
A C-390 in flight
RoleMedium-sized transport aircraft
National origin Brazil
Manufacturer Embraer Defense and Security [1]
First flight3 February 2015 [2]
Introduction2019 (first delivery) [3]
Statusdeliveries started [3]
Primary user Brazilian Air Force
Portuguese Air Force
Produced2014–present
Number built4
Program cost$2 billion (2014) [4]
Unit cost
US$ 50-55 million (2016) [5]

The C-390 Millennium is a medium-size, twin-engine jet-powered military transport aircraft in production by Brazilian aerospace manufacturer Embraer, able to perform aerial refuelling and to transport cargo and troops. It is the heaviest aircraft the company has made to date, and will be able to transport up to 26 tonnes (29 tons) of cargo, including wheeled armoured fighting vehicles. [6] [7]

Twinjet aircraft propelled by two jet engines

A twinjet or twin-engine jet is a jet aircraft powered by two engines. A twinjet is able to fly well enough to land with a single working engine, making it safer than a single-engine aircraft in the event of failure of an engine. Fuel efficiency of a twinjet is better than that of aircraft with more engines. These considerations have led to the widespread use of aircraft of all types with twin engines, including airliners, fixed-wing military aircraft, and others.

Military transport aircraft Aircraft designed to carry military cargo and personnel

Military transport aircraft or military cargo aircraft are used to airlift troops, weapons and other military equipment to support military operations. Transport aircraft can be used for both strategic and tactical missions, and are often diverted to civil emergency relief missions.

Brazil Federal republic in South America

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers and with over 208 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the fifth most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populated city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states, the Federal District, and the 5,570 municipalities. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.

Contents

The first production aircraft was delivered on 4 September 2019. [8] On 18 November 2019, during the Dubai Airshow, Embraer and Boeing announced the new name of the aircraft, targeting the global market, C-390 Millennium. [9] [10]

Development

Studies

Between 2005 and 2007, Embraer intended to use the wing and GE CF34 engine of the mature Embraer E-190 with a cabin modified as a cargo hold with a rear ramp, closed-loop fly-by-wire and synthetic vision. [11] The initial design was a high-wing E190. [12]

Fly-by-wire flight control system utilizing electronic interface

Fly-by-wire (FBW) is a system that replaces the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires, and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the ordered response. It can use mechanical flight control backup systems or use fully fly-by-wire controls.

By 2006, Embraer was studying on a military tactical transport design of a similar size to the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, powered by 17,000-22,000 lbf (75.6-98 kN) engines like the Pratt & Whitney PW6000 or Rolls-Royce BR715. [13] In April 2007, Embraer reported it was studying a medium-size airlifter, with the company designation "C-390". [14] The transport aircraft is to incorporate many of the technological solutions from the Embraer E-Jet family series and feature a rear ramp for loading and unloading a wide range of cargo.

Lockheed C-130 Hercules Military transport aircraft

The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built originally by Lockheed. Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 was originally designed as a troop, medevac, and cargo transport aircraft. The versatile airframe has found uses in a variety of other roles, including as a gunship (AC-130), for airborne assault, search and rescue, scientific research support, weather reconnaissance, aerial refueling, maritime patrol, and aerial firefighting. It is now the main tactical airlifter for many military forces worldwide. More than 40 variants of the Hercules, including civilian versions marketed as the Lockheed L-100, operate in more than 60 nations.

Pratt & Whitney PW6000 turbofan aircraft engine

The Pratt & Whitney PW6000 is a high-bypass turbofan jet engine designed for the Airbus A318 with a design thrust range of 18,000–24,000 lbf (80–107 kN).

Embraer E-Jet family Regional jet airliner family

The Embraer E-Jet family is a series of narrow-body short- to medium-range twin-engine jet airliners, carrying 66 to 124 passengers commercially, manufactured by Brazilian aerospace manufacturer Embraer. The aircraft family was first introduced at the Paris Air Show in 1999 and entered production in 2002. The series has been a commercial success primarily due to its ability to efficiently serve lower-demand routes while offering many of the same amenities and features of larger jets. The aircraft is used by mainline and regional airlines around the world but has proven particularly popular with regional airlines in the United States.

In March 2008, the Brazilian Government planned to invest about R$60 million (or US$33 M) in initial development of the aircraft and the Brazilian Air Force was simultaneously finalizing an initial purchase contract for some 22 to 30 aircraft, while Embraer was negotiating with possible partners. [15] In May 2008, the Brazilian Congress released R$800 million (US$440M) to be invested in the project and development of the aircraft. The media also claimed that this aircraft is going to be used not only by the Brazilian Air Force, but also by their Army and Navy, with unconfirmed sales to other government agencies. [16]

The Brazilian real is the official currency of Brazil. It is subdivided into 100 centavos. The Central Bank of Brazil is the central bank and the issuing authority. The real replaced the Brazilian cruzeiro.

Brazilian Air Force Air warfare branch of Brazils armed forces

The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces" in 1941. Both air branches transferred their equipment, installations and personnel to the new force.

Brazilian Army land warfare branch of Brazils military forces

The Brazilian Army is the land arm of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has fought in several international conflicts, mostly in South America during the 19th century. In the 20th century, it fought on the Allied side in World War I and World War II. Aligned with the Western Bloc, during the time of military rule in Brazil from 1964 to 1985, it also had active participation in the Cold War, in Latin America and Southern Portuguese Africa, as well as taking part in UN peacekeeping missions worldwide since the late 1950s.

Program launch

The IAE V2500 turbofan was selected to power the C-390. Embraer KC390 V2500 nacelle.jpg
The IAE V2500 turbofan was selected to power the C-390.

On 14 April 2009, Embraer was awarded with a $1.5 billion contract to develop and build two prototypes. [17] [18] At the programme launch, the design was all-new, with a new fuselage cross-section, wing, engine and flight deck, beyond the E-190 limited wing surface and engines, to replace the operating envelope of the Brazilian Air Force C-130J. In Embraer's view, the jet engine is sufficiently resilient to dust ingestion, whereas propeller tips close to the ground are susceptible to damage. Embraer also chose the IAE V2500 engine for efficiency in normal conditions rather than performance in unusual conditions like the Antonov An-32. [11]

IAE V2500 turbofan engine

The IAE V2500 is a two-shaft high-bypass turbofan engine which powers the Airbus A320 family, the McDonnell Douglas MD-90, and the Embraer KC-390.

Antonov An-32 Airliner and military tactical transport aircraft by Antonov

The Antonov An-32 is a turboprop twin-engined military transport aircraft.

In March 2010, Embraer drew up a development schedule, with the first prototype aircraft scheduled to be delivered in late 2014. [19] In July, during the Farnborough Airshow, the Brazilian Air Force announced it will order 28 C-390s and Embraer announced an increase in the cargo capacity to 21 t (46,000 lb). [6] [20] During the 2011 Paris Air Show, Embraer announced plans to launch a stretched version of the C-390 focused on the civil cargo market in 2018, with 200–250 predicted orders over a 10-year period. Two plugs will be added fore and aft of the centre fuselage section increasing internal capacity, but also providing for a side cargo door. [21]

In April 2011, Embraer estimated 695 military transport aircraft will need to be replaced during the following decade. [22]

Partnerships

In August 2010, Argentine Defence Minister Nilda Garré announced that Argentina will participate in the construction of the aircraft. [23] On 24 August, the defence ministers of Chile and Brazil signed an agreement for Chile's ENAER company to join the C-390 industry team. [24] Colombia also signed an agreement to join the programme. [25] On 10 September 2010, the defense minister of Portugal signed an intentions letter to join the programme. [26] On 14 December 2011, Brazil and Portugal agreed a defense partnership with EEA engineering components to be built by Embraer's Portuguese subsidiary OGMA. [27]

In April 2012, Boeing and Embraer signed a cooperation agreement. [28] In June, they partnered to develop the C-390 and possibly to sell it. [29]

Major subcontractors include Aero Vodochody for the rear fuselage section, [30] Rockwell Collins for the avionics, [31] BAE Systems for the fly-by-wire primary flight control system, [32] ELEB for the landing gear, [33] and Rockwell Collins for the cargo handling and aerial delivery system. [34] International Aero Engines (IAE) supplies the V2500-E5 turbofans, its first military application. [35] Fábrica Argentina de Aviones supplies the tail cone, cargo door and landing gear doors. [36]

Flight testing

C-390 roll-out on 21 October 2014 Apresentacao KC-390 (15576572716).jpg
C-390 roll-out on 21 October 2014

Two prototypes were planned by the program. The first prototype (PT-ZNF) rolled out from the Embraer subsidiary plant, Embraer Defense and Security, at Gavião Peixoto, São Paulo on 21 October 2014, [37] [38] and flew for the first time on 3 February 2015. [2]

In July 2015, the company announced a two-year delay in the flight test program, citing the devaluation of the Brazilian currency and government spending cuts. However, a second test flight took place at Gavião Peixoto on 26 October 2015. [39] By February 2016, the first prototype had logged more than 100 hours of flight. [40] With the resumption of flight-testing, the manufacturer expected to certify the aircraft in 2017 and begin deliveries in 2018. The eight months between test flights were used to conduct ground vibration tests to validate aeroelastic models, as well as avionics, mission, landing gear and electric and hydraulic flight control system testing. Embraer has reported good availability for testing, sometimes doing two flights per day. The aircraft was tested to the limits of speed, Mach number, and altitude, as well as all slats, flaps and landing gear positions. [41]

The second prototype (PT-ZNJ) was finished in March 2016 and made the first flight on 28 April 2016. [42] [43] [44] By then, Richard Aboulafia's Teal Group estimated the C-390 price at $50–55 million, $15 million less than the Hercules. [5]

On 17 October 2017, the first prototype (PT-ZNF) had an uncommanded descent from 20000 ft to 3100 ft at 4500 ft/min. [45] In December 2017, as the two prototypes accumulated over 1,500 flight hours and laboratory testing over 40,000 hours, initial operating capability was reached while full operational capability was expected in 2018. [46] On 5 May 2018, the first prototype (PT-ZNF) ran off the runway during a ground test in Gaviao Peixoto, Brazil. [47] [45] The third C-390 built and first production aircraft first flew on 6 October 2018. [48]

After 1,900 flight hours in testing, the C-390 received Brazilian civil type certification on 23 October 2018; the first production aircraft is to be delivered to the Brazilian air force in the first half 2019 and should obtain military certification by the end of 2019. [49] The third aircraft (PT-ZNG), originally slated for the first delivery, has been redirected to complete certification. [12]

Joint venture and name change

On 18 November 2019, Boeing (49%) and Embraer (51%) announced a joint venture to promote and develop new markets for the C-390 Millennium tactical transport aircraft, called Boeing Embraer – Defense, to operate after the regulatory approvals and closing conditions. [50]

Design

C-390 glass cockpit with fly-by-wire controls Jair Bolsonaro at the delivery ceremony of the first KC-390 for the Brazilian Air Force.jpg
C-390 glass cockpit with fly-by-wire controls

Embraer built the C-390 around the 18.5 m (61 ft) long, 3.45 m (11.3 ft) wide and 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in) high hold with a rear ramp. Its twin IAE V2500-E5 turbofans are mounted forward on the high wing with anhedral angle, slats and up to 40° flaps High-lift devices. The landing gear has low-pressure tires, two 5.9 bar (85 psi) on the nose and four 7.2 bar (105 psi) on either side bogies for soft, unpaved ground or damaged runways.Fly-by-wire flight controls with active sidesticks allows load factors up to 3g. The cockpit has head-up displays for the enhanced vision system with four cameras and Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion commercial avionics. [12]

The aircraft can carry 26 t (57,000 lb): two fully tracked M113 armored personnel carriers, one Boxer or Brazilian VBTP-MR Guarani wheeled armored vehicle, a Sikorsky H-60 helicopter, 74 litters with life-support equipment, up to 80 soldiers or 66 paratroopers with full gear, and loads of up to 42,000 lb (19 t) can be air dropped. The C-390 can refuel in flight other aircraft through two wing-mounted probe and drogue pods from Cobham plc delivering up to 1,500 L (400 US gal) per minute from a 35 t (77,000 lb) total fuel capacity, between 120 to 300 kn (220 to 560 km/h) and from 2,000 to 32,000 ft (610 to 9,750 m). [12]

With extended slats, idle thrust and flight spoilers extended to 40°, it descends at a rate of 9,000 ft/min (2,700 m/min) at its 300 kn (560 km/h) maximum IAS. With flaps full at 40 degrees, it stalls at 104 kn (193 km/h) IAS. [12]

Operational history

President Jair Bolsonaro at the delivery ceremony of the first C-390 for the Brazilian Air Force in Anapolis on 4 September 2019 190904BIA8702 Bianca Viol 2 (2).jpg
President Jair Bolsonaro at the delivery ceremony of the first C-390 for the Brazilian Air Force in Anápolis on 4 September 2019

The first C-390 will be operated from Anapolis Air Base by the First Troop Transport Group. Embraer has already started the training of the FAB personnel. In 2014, the Brazilian Air Force ordered a total of 28 C-390s with logistic support from the Brazilian manufacturer. It should progressively replace the C-130 Hercules within the FAB. [51]

Marketing and orders

In 2007, Correios, the Brazilian postal service, was interested in buying five or more aircraft to replace commercial freight service for mail transport. [52] In September 2008, the Portuguese Air Force was interested in the airplane to replace its C-130 fleet. [53] In September 2009, France could buy 10 C-390s to compensate the Dassault Rafale sale to Brazil. [54] In October, Sweden was to evaluate the C-390 in connection to its F-X2 offer on JAS 39 Gripen. [55]

In February 2010, Embraer proposed C-390s to the Portuguese Ministry of Defense to replace the Portuguese Air Force's C-130s. [56] In July, the Brazilian Air Force intended to buy 28 aircraft. [57] In August, the Chilean Air Force planned to order six C-390s. [58] In September, Colombia intended to order 12 C-390s. [25] Later that month, the Czech Air Force expressed a need for two C-390s. [59] That month, the UAE were negotiating an agreement for military cooperation, which would involve sales of the C-390. [60] In October, the Argentine Air Force was interested in six C-390s. [61]

By May 2011, Correios was to buy 15 Embraer aircraft. [62] [ clarification needed ] In December, the Portuguese government was to sign an €87–million contract with Embraer for part of the production of the C-390. [63] On 14 February 2012, Peru was interested in the C-390s. [64]

In April 2013, six countries had commitments for 60 C-390s: Argentina (6), Brazil (28), Chile (6), Colombia (12), the Czech Republic (2), and Portugal (6). [65] In June, Boeing agreed to market the C-390 in the US, UK, and Middle East, building on the June 2012 MoU. [66] In August, the Colombian Air Force announced that it would acquire a fleet of C-390s to replace its Lockheed C-130 Hercules fleet. [67]

In June 2016, Portugal announced its intention to buy six C-390s. [68] In November, Embraer proposed the C-390 to replace the Royal New Zealand Air Force's five C-130s with a decision expected in mid-2017. [69] On 8 December, Canada chose the Airbus C-295 over the C-390 and the C-27J to replace ageing CC-115 Buffalo and CC-130 Hercules fixed-wing search and rescue (FWSAR) aircraft. [70]

In 2017, the Portuguese government authorized the purchase of five C-390 military aircraft, with the option of one more. [71] In February 2018, aviation services company SkyTech signed a letter of intent for up to six aircraft. [72]

In June 2019, the Royal New Zealand Air Force selected the C-130J Super Hercules to replace its ageing C-130H fleet. [73] Portugal is to buy five C-390s and a flight simulator for pilot training at a cost of 827 million euros. The first aircraft is to be delivered in February 2023 with deliveries to end in February 2027. [74]

In August 2019, Brazil's ambassador to Budapest, José Luiz Machado e Costa, informed of Hungary's interest in the C-390. Negotiations are in advanced stages. The possible announcement of the sale could come during President Jair Bolsonaro's official visit to Hungary in late 2019. [75] In October 2019, the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, in a meeting with President Jair Bolsonaro, informed his country's interest in the C-390. [76]

Operators

Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal

Specifications

Embraer-KC-390-3-Side-View.svg

Data from Aviation Week [12]

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

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References

  1. ↑ "The KC 390". Embraer Defense & Security. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  2. 1 2 Parsons, Dan (3 February 2015). "Embraer KC-390 takes maiden flight". Washington DC: Flightglobal . Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 Garrett Reim (4 September 2019). "Brazilian air force receives first Embraer KC-390". Flightglobal.
  4. ↑ "Embraer says KC-390 cargo jet adaptable to some civilian roles". Reuters. 21 October 2014.
  5. 1 2 Thom Patterson (20 July 2017). "Brazilian aircraft takes on an American military icon". CNNMoney .
  6. 1 2 "FAB and Embraer Announce Plan for KC 390 Initial Acquisition" (Press release). São José dos Campos: Embraer. 21 July 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  7. ↑ "Inside Embraer's KC-390 Tanker/Transport". Aviation Week. 25 February 2011. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012.
  8. ↑ O'Connor, Kate (5 September 2019). "Embraer Delivers First KC-390". Avweb. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  9. ↑ "Embraer divulga nome e designação de seu avião de transporte multimissão: C-390 Millennium". Embraer.com. 18 November 2019.
  10. ↑ "Boeing-Embraer joint venture: KC-390 becomes C-390 Millennium". Aerotime Hub. 18 November 2019.
  11. 1 2 Trimble, Stephen (8 July 2014). "Redesign transforms KC-390 into all-new market threat" . São Paulo: Flightglobal . Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tim Wuerfel (19 April 2019). "Pilot Report: Putting Embraer's KC-390 Through Its Paces". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  13. ↑ Norris, Guy (13 November 2006). "Embraer studies C-130-sized tactical airlifter". Los Angeles: Flightglobal . Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  14. ↑ Warwick, Graham (19 April 2007). "Embraer reveals details of C-390 military airlifter". Washington DC: Flightglobal . Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  15. ↑ "Governo investirá no cargueiro C-390 da Embraer" [Government will invest in Embraer's C-390 cargo aircraft]. Defesa Brasil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 March 2009.
  16. ↑ "Câmara aprova verba de R$ 800 milhões para cargueiro militar" [Chamber approves R$ 800 million budget for military cargo aircraft]. Base Militar (in Portuguese). 7 November 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  17. ↑ "Defesa salva de cortes plano de avião cargueiro" [Defence saves cargo aircraft plan from cuts]. Estadão (in Portuguese). O Estado de S Paulo. 21 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  18. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (14 April 2009). "Brazilian Air Force signs deal launching Embraer KC-390 tanker-transport". Washington DC: Flightglobal . Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  19. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (13 May 2010). "Embraer reveals KC-390 schedule, design changes". Washington DC: Flightglobal . Retrieved 14 May 2010.
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  22. ↑ "Argentina joins manufacturing of Brazil's KC 390 jet powered military transport". MercoPress . 19 April 2011.
  23. ↑ "Garré brindó una charla a suboficiales de base naval de Mar del Plata" (in Spanish). República Argentina – Ministerio de Defensa. 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
  24. ↑ Embraer (24 August 2010). "Embraer Reveals Discussions on a Partnership with Chilean Aeronautics Industry for the KC-390" (Press release).
  25. 1 2 Croft, John (1 September 2010). "Colombia formalises Embraer KC-390 interest". Flightglobal .
  26. ↑ Portuguese Ministry of Defence (10 September 2010). "Defence Ministers of Portugal and Brazil Sign Memorandum of Understanding on the KC-390" (Press release).
  27. ↑ Embraer (14 December 2011). "Brazil and Portugal Sign Defense Partnership for KC-390 Program" (Press release).
  28. ↑ "Boeing and Embraer Sign Agreement for Broad Business Cooperation to Benefit Customers and Support Industry Growth" (Press release). Washington DC: Boeing. 9 April 2012.
  29. ↑ "Boeing and Embraer Sign Agreement to Collaborate on KC-390 Program" (Press release). São Paulo: Boeing. 26 June 2012.
  30. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (14 April 2011). "Embraer signs two new suppliers for KC-390". Rio de Janeiro: Flightglobal.
  31. ↑ "Embraer selects Rockwell Collins advanced avionics system for Brazilian Air Force KC-390 fleet" (Press release). Cedar Rapids: Rockwell Collins. 4 May 2011.
  32. ↑ "BAE Systems selected for Embraer KC-390 primary flight control system" (Press release). BAE Systems. 27 July 2011.
  33. ↑ Embraer (8 April 2011). "KC-390 cargo jet will have landing gear by ELEB" (Press release).
  34. ↑ "Embraer selects Rockwell Collins to provide KC-390 Cargo Handling and Aerial Delivery Control System" (Press release). São José dos Campos: Rockwell Collins. 11 November 2015.
  35. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (26 July 2011). "IAE steps into military market with KC-390 win". Washington DC: Flightglobal.
  36. ↑ "Para Rossi, es un "hito histórico" la asociación de Argentina con Embraer en la frabricación de un nuevo avión militar". Télam. 21 October 2014.
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  38. ↑ "EMBRAER Rolls Out KC-390 Military Airlift". DefesaNet. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  39. ↑ Carey, Bill (8 November 2015). "Embraer's KC-390 Returns to Flight Test". AINonline. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  40. ↑ "KC-390 já ultrapassou a marca de 100 horas de voo" (in Portuguese). Defesanet. 18 February 2016.
  41. ↑ Alcock, Charles (17 February 2016). "Embraer's KC-390 Returns to Flight Test". AINonline. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  42. ↑ "Embraer conclui o segundo protótipo do cargueiro militar KC-390" (in Portuguese). Defesanet. 15 March 2016.
  43. ↑ "KC-390's Flight Test Campaign Progresses" (PDF). Embraer Defense & Security. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  44. ↑ KC-390 Flight Campaign Status (Motion picture). Embraer Defense & Security. 2016.
  45. 1 2 Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Embraer KC-390 PT-ZNF Gavião Peixoto-Embraer Unidade Airport, SP". aviation-safety.net.
  46. ↑ Stephen Trimble (20 December 2017). "Embraer moves closer to KC-390 delivery with IOC declaration". Flightglobal.
  47. ↑ "Embraer reports KC-390 runway excursion in Gaviao Peixoto". Flightglobal. 5 May 2018.
  48. ↑ "First Production KC-390 Takes to the Air". AIN online. 10 October 2018.
  49. ↑ Garrett Reim (24 October 2018). "Embraer KC-390 receives Brazilian type certification". Flight international.
  50. ↑ "Boeing Embraer - Defense Joint Venture to Develop New Markets for the C-390 Millennium" (Press release). Boeing. 18 November 2019.
  51. ↑ https://www.aerotime.aero/clement.charpentreau/23905-embraer-delivers-first-kc-390-to-the-brazilian-air-force
  52. ↑ Flores, Jackson, Jr. (4 September 2007). "Brazilian postal service may order Embraer C-390 freighters". Flightglobal .
  53. ↑ "Archived copy". aeropress.pt. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  54. ↑ "Negociação de caças franceses prevê venda de jato da Embraer" (in Porguguese). Estadão, 7 September 2009. Retrieved: 2 May 2012.
  55. ↑ "Saab Delivers the Perfect Match to Brazil". Defence Talk. 6 October 2009.
  56. ↑ "Reequipamento das FA: Portugal pondera comprar avião militar brasileiro". Sol. 23 February 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  57. ↑ "FAB anuncia intenção de comprar 28 aviões KC 390 da Embraer". Estadão (in Portuguese). 21 July 2010.
  58. ↑ Chuter, Andrew. "Chile May Tie Up With Brazil's KC-390". Defense News, 25 August 2010.[ dead link ]
  59. ↑ Hoyle, Craig (14 September 2010). "Czech Republic outlines need for two KC-390s". Flightglobal.
  60. ↑ "UAE and Brazil to sign defence agreement". Gulf News. 23 September 2010.
  61. ↑ Embraer (29 October 2010). "Embraer Announces Discussions on Partnering with Argentina in the KC-390 Program" (Press release).
  62. ↑ "Correios investirão até R$ 1 bi para criar aérea com aviões da Embraer". O Globo (in Portuguese). 19 May 2011.
  63. ↑ "Governo assina amanhã contrato com Embraer". Diário Económico. 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.
  64. ↑ "Peru may buy 10 Embraer Super Tucanos". Reuters. 14 February 2012.
  65. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (10 April 2013). "Embraer expects first operational KC-390 buyer in 2014". Flightglobal .
  66. ↑ "Embraer's Multinational KC-390 Tactical Air Transport Program" . Defense Industry Daily. 22 October 2014.
  67. ↑ "Colombia, tras la compra de cazas F-16" (in Spanish). Eltiempo.com. 4 August 2013.
  68. ↑ "Portugal é o primeiro país a receber aeronave militar KC-390". www.dn.pt.
  69. ↑ "Giant Brazilian KC-390 in the running to replace NZ's Hercules". NZ Herald. 24 November 2016.
  70. ↑ "C295 wins Canadian FWSAR contest". FlightGlobal. 8 December 2016.
  71. ↑ Agência Lusa (27 July 2017). "Governo autoriza compra de cinco aeronaves militares KC-390 também para combater incêndios". Observador.
  72. ↑ "Embraer to sell six KC-390s to defense services company". Defense News. 6 February 2018.
  73. ↑ "Super Hercules selected as preferred option". The Beehive.
  74. ↑ "Portugal to buy five Embraer military planes for 827 million euros". Reuters. 11 July 2019.
  75. ↑ "Força Aérea Brasileira receberá o primeiro KC-390 em setembro e Hungria está em fase de negociação". Cavok (in Portuguese). 14 August 2019.
  76. ↑ "Presidente ucraniano diz a Bolsonaro ter interesse em comprar Super Tucano e KC-390". O Globo (in Portuguese). 21 October 2019.
  77. ↑ "Portugal confirms purchase of military freighter KC-390". Airway. 11 July 2019.
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