Cactin also known as renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACTIN gene. [5] [6] [7]
Cactin was originally identified in Drosophila (fruit flies). The cactin gene is product is involved in the regulation of the innate immune system. It acts as negative regulator of the toll-like receptor, Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and the canonical NF-kappa-B signaling pathways. [9]
The full-length cactin protein length is 3,150 bp long and with an N-terminus from 356–547 residues and a domain in the C-terminal 731–855 residues. [10]
This protein resides in many organs and tissues of all vertebrates, however, it has also been found in plants, protist, and fungi. The location that is highest in concentration of cactin gene is in the testis of males and in the spleen. The cactin gene in this specific area like the testis, enables RNA binding activity. This protein was also found to be involved in other process like cellular response from cytokines and negative signal transduction (negative feed back loops). [11]
In plants, the cactcin is associated with SR proteins localized in nuclear speckles. [12] Plant and human cells share the same spliceosomal proteins, which involved the removal of introns in order to form mature messenger RNA.
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX5 also known as DEAD box protein 5 or RNA helicase p68 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX5 gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPF gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPH1 gene.
Pre-mRNA-processing factor 40 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPF40A gene.
Splicing factor 1 also known as zinc finger protein 162 (ZFM162) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SF1 gene.
U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SART1 gene. This gene encodes two proteins, the SART1(800) protein expressed in the nucleus of the majority of proliferating cells, and the SART1(259) protein expressed in the cytosol of epithelial cancers. The SART1(259) protein is translated by the mechanism of -1 frameshifting during posttranscriptional regulation. The two encoded proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of proliferation. Both proteins have tumor-rejection antigens. The SART1(259) protein possesses tumor epitopes capable of inducing HLA-A2402-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cancer patients. This SART1(259) antigen may be useful in specific immunotherapy for cancer patients and may serve as a paradigmatic tool for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with atopy. The SART1(259) protein is found to be essential for the recruitment of the tri-snRNP to the pre-spliceosome in the spliceosome assembly pathway.
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SART3 gene.
Transcription elongation regulator 1, also known as TCERG1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TCERG1 gene.
Pre-mRNA-processing factor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPF6 gene.
U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPB2 gene.
U4/U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Prp4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPF4 gene. The removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNAs occurs on complexes called spliceosomes, which are made up of 4 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles and an undefined number of transiently associated splicing factors. PRPF4 is 1 of several proteins that associate with U4 and U6 snRNPs.[supplied by OMIM]
Rh family, C glycoprotein, also known as RHCG, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RHCG gene.
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX41 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX41 gene.
Proline-rich protein PRCC is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PRCC gene.
RNA-binding protein Raly is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALY gene.
Sperm-associated antigen 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG8 gene.
U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 35 kDa subunit-related protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZRSR2 gene.
SFRS2-interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFRS2IP gene.
GPATCH2L is a protein that is encoded by the GPATCH2L human gene located at 14q24.3. In humans, the length of mRNA in GPATCH2L (NM_017926) is 14,021 base pairs and the gene spans bases is 62,422 nt between chr14: 76,151,922 - 76,214,343. GPATCH2L is on the positive strand. IFT43 is the gene directly before GPATCH2L on the positive strand and LOC105370575 is the uncharacterized gene on the negative strand, which is approximately one and a half the size of GPATCH2L. Known aliases for GPATCH2L contain C14orf118, FLJ20689, FLJ10033, and KIAA1152. GPATCH2L produces 28 distinct introns, 17 different mRNAs, 14 alternatively spliced variants, and 3 unspliced forms. It has 5 probable alternative promoters, 7 validated polyadenylation sites, and 6 predicted promoters of varying lengths.
ZNF839 or zinc finger protein 839 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ZNF839 gene. It is located on the long arm of chromosome 14. Zinc finger protein 839 is speculated to play a role in humoral immune response to cancer as a renal carcinoma antigen (NY-REN-50). This is because NY-REN-50 was found to be over expressed in cancer patients, especially those with renal carcinoma. Zinc finger protein 839 also plays a role in transcription regulation by metal-ion binding since it binds to DNA via C2H2-type zinc finger repeats.
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