CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6

Last updated
CMTM6
Identifiers
Aliases CMTM6 , CKLFSF6, PRO2219, CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6, ayoube, gourari
External IDs OMIM: 607889 MGI: 2447165 HomoloGene: 9845 GeneCards: CMTM6
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

54918

67213

Ensembl

ENSG00000091317

ENSMUSG00000032434

UniProt

Q9NX76

Q9CZ69

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_017801

NM_026036

RefSeq (protein)

NP_060271

NP_080312

Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 32.48 – 32.5 Mb Chr 9: 114.56 – 114.58 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 6 (i.e. CMTM6), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 6 (i.e. CKLFSF6), is a transmembrane protein encoded in humans by the CMTM6 gene (also termed the CKLFSF6, PRO2219, ayoube, or gourari gene). This gene is located in band 22.3 on the short (or "p") arm of chromosome 3. [5] CMTM6 protein belongs to the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of proteins. [6] This family consist of 9 member proteins: CKLF and CMTM1 through CMTM8. [7] [8] The CMTM family proteins are involved in autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, the male reproductive system, haematopoiesis, and cancer development. [8] CMTM6 protein regulates immune responses to normal and abnormal (particularly cancerous) cells. [9] [10]

Contents

Structure and locations

Like the other members in the CMTM protein family, CMTM6 has a structure that contains domains (i.e. parts) similar to those in chemokine proteins; tetraspanin proteins (also termed transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins); the myelin and lymphocyte protein (also termed MAR protein); proteins that direct membrane vesicle trafficking; and proteins that are embedded across cell membranes. CMTM6 proteins are expressed in virtually all tissues [11] and are located in cell plasma membranes (i.e. cell surface membranes), lysosomes, endosomes, cytosol, attached to the cell's cytoskeleton, and in extracellular spaces. [8]

Functions and actions

CMTM6 localizes with and binds to cell PD-L1 protein located on cell surface membranes thereby maintaining PD-L1'S expression at this site; it also localizes with PD-L1 protein located in recycling endosomes and thereby prevents PD-L1 from being degraded by lysosomal enzymes. These actions increase and maintain high levels of PD-L1 on cell surface membranes. [11] PD-L1 protein on the surface of normal cells binds to PD-1 receptors on a type of cytotoxic T cells (i.e. CD8+ T cells [11] ) and thereby blocks these T-cells from organizing an immune response that would kill them. This PD-L1/CD8+ T cell circuit is one of several immune checkpoint mechanisms for maintaining self-tolerance, i.e. for preventing CD8+ T cells from attacking normal cells. Tumor cells may employ this immune-evading tactic: they may express PD-L1 and thereby block CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses to themselves. In effect, the robust expression of PD-L1 helps not only normal cells but also cancer cells to evade immune destruction. [12]

Therapeutic inhibition of CMTM6's actions

Various manufactured therapeutic monoclonal antibody drugs, e.g. pembrolizumab, [12] atezolizumab, durvalumab [13] nivolumab, [14] and avelumab, [9] bind to and inhibit the stimulation of PD-1 on CD8+ T cells by PD-L1. In effect, they block the ability of CMTMT6 to suppress PDL1/PD-1-stimulated CD8+ T-cell immune responses against tumor cells. One or more of these drugs are approved by the FDA for treating (as a single agent or in combination with adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy) various cancers including certain types of Hodgkin's disease, melanomas, Merkel-cell carcinomas, cancers associated with microsatellite instability (e.g. certain types of colon, stomach, endometrial, ovarian, hepatobiliary tract, urinary tract, brain, and skin cancers), non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancers, esophageal cancers, bladder cancers, urinary track cancers, renal cell cancers, hepatocellular carcinomas, [14] triple-negative breast cancers, [15] undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas, and some forms of soft tissue sarcomas that have metastasized. [16] A phase II study of 56 patients with cancer of unknown primary origin, i.e. a very common (2% to 5% of all diagnosed cancers) and difficult to treat metastatic cancer in which the primary cancer is unknown) found that nivolumab had a small (overall complete plus partial response rate of ~20%) beneficial effect. [17] However, the use of any of these monoclonal antibody drugs as a single immunotherapy agent often benefits only a small percentage of cases with a particular disease, often lasts for only a short time, and may cause sever side-effects. Consequently, alternate methods of using these anti-PD-1 antibodies are being studied. Current preclinical studies and clinical trials are testing combinations of two anti-PD-1 antibodies or one anti-PD-1 antibody combined with an antibody that binds to and inhibits other immune response-regulating proteins, e.g. the CTLA4 protein (i.e. cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), for their therapeutic effects in the just cited and other cancer types. [18]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">CMTM3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 3, also termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 3, is a member of the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of proteins. In humans, CMTM2 protein is encoded by the CMTM3 gene located in band 22.1 on the long arm of chromosome 16. This protein is expressed in a wide range of tissues, including fetal tissues. It is highly expressed in the male reproductive system, particularly testicular tissues and may play a role in the development of this tissue. It is also highly expressed in the immune system including circulating blood cells, i.e. B lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and monocytes. However, CMTM3 protein is weakly expressed or unexpressed in the malignant tissues of several types of cancers. In many but not all of theses cancers, this decreased or lack of expression appears due to methylation of the GpC islands in the promoter region, and thereby the silencing, of the CMTM3 gene.

The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM), previously termed the chemokine-like factor superfamily (CKLFSF), consists of 9 proteins, some of which have various isoforms due to alternative splicing of their respective genes. These proteins along with their isoforms are:

CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 5 (CMTM5), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 5, designates any one of the six protein isoforms encoded by six different alternative splices of its gene, CMTM5; CMTM5-v1 is the most studied of these isoforms. The CMTM5 gene is located in band 11.2 on the long arm of chromosome 14.

CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 8, previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 8 has at least two isoforms, the CMTM8 and CMTM8-v2 proteins. Protein isoforms are variant products that are made by the alternative splicing of a single gene. The gene for these isoforms, CMTM8, is located in band 22 on the short arm of chromosome 3. The CMTM8 gene and its CMTM8 and CMTM8-v2 proteins belong to the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of structurally and functionally related genes and proteins. The CMTM8 protein is the full-length and predominant product of the CMTM8 gene. This protein is expressed in a wide range of normal adult and fetal tissues while relatively little is known about the CMTM8-v2 protein. Studies suggest that the CMTM8 protein may be involved in the development of various cancers.

CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 4, formerly termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 4, is a small transmembrane protein which passes the plasma membrane four times. It has 3 known isoforms, the CMTM4-v1 to CMTM4-v3 proteins. Protein isoforms are variant products that are made by alternative splicing of a single gene. The gene for the CMTM4 isoforms is located in band 22 on the long arm of chromosome 16. The CMTM4 gene and its 3 isoform proteins belong to the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of structurally and functionally related genes and proteins. CMTM4-v1 and CMTM4-v2 are widely expressed in multiple human tissue while CMTM4-v3 has been detected only in the kidney and placental tissues.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000091317 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032434 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ "CMTM6 CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 6 [Homo sapiens (Human)] - Gene - NCBI".
  6. ↑ Han W, Ding P, Xu M, Wang L, Rui M, Shi S, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Yang T, Ma D (June 2003). "Identification of eight genes encoding chemokine-like factor superfamily members 1-8 (CKLFSF1-8) by in silico cloning and experimental validation". Genomics. 81 (6): 609–17. doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00095-8. PMID   12782130.
  7. ↑ Lu J, Wu QQ, Zhou YB, Zhang KH, Pang BX, Li L, Sun N, Wang HS, Zhang S, Li WJ, Zheng W, Liu W (2016). "Cancer Research Advance in CKLF-like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain-Containing Member Family (Review)". Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 17 (6): 2741–4. PMID   27356683.
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  9. 1 2 Ribas A, Wolchok JD (March 2018). "Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade". Science. 359 (6382): 1350–1355. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1350R. doi:10.1126/science.aar4060. PMC   7391259 . PMID   29567705.
  10. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 6" . Retrieved 2017-10-23.
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