Cahora Bassa Dam

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Cahora Bassa Dam
Cahora Bassa em Tete - panoramio - Nelson Deolinda Amin... (10).jpg
Cahora Bassa Dam, 2007
Mozambique relief location map.jpg
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Location of Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique
Location Tete, Mozambique
Coordinates 15°35′09″S32°42′17″E / 15.58583°S 32.70472°E / -15.58583; 32.70472
Construction began1969
Opening date1974
Dam and spillways
Impounds Zambezi River
Height171 m (561 ft)
Reservoir
Creates Cahora Bassa Lake
Total capacity55.8 km3 (45,200,000 acre⋅ft)
Catchment area 56,927 km2 (21,980 sq mi)
Surface area2,739 km2 (1,058 sq mi)
Maximum water depth157 m (515 ft)
Power Station
Turbines 5 × 415 MW (557,000 hp) Francis-type
Installed capacity 2,075 MW (2,783,000 hp)

The Cahora Bassa Dam is located in Mozambique. It is one of two major dams on the Zambezi river, the other being the Kariba. The dam was finished in December 1974 after much political debate. [1] This dam is used to convert the Zambezi River power into electricity by turning turbines. That energy is then sent to South Africa. [2] The Cahora Bassa dam forms Cahora Bassa Lake. The dam is jointly owned by Mozambique and Portugal. From independence until 2007, eighteen percent of the dam and lake was owned by Mozambique and eighty-two percent by Portugal. [3] Portugal sold down its share to 15 percent in 2007. [4] The Cahora Bassa dam is the largest hydroelectric power plant in southern Africa and the most efficient power generating station in Mozambique.

Contents

History

The dam began to fill in December 1974 after construction was commenced in 1969 by the Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique (Portugal), and is 171 metres (561 ft) high by 303 metres (994 ft) wide at the crest. Before the Cahora Bassa dam underwent construction, the native people protested the dam in order to keep their land. Built in the first half of the 1970s when Mozambique was still a Portuguese territory, long stretches of the power transmission lines were sabotaged during 16 years of Mozambican Civil War which ended in 1992. The lake has reached a maximum length and width of approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) and 38 kilometres (24 mi) respectively, flooding an area of 2,700 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi) with an average depth of 20.9 metres (69 ft). [5] Until 2007, the Portuguese government owned eighty-two percent of the Cahora Bassa Lake and the Cahora Bassa dam while the Mozambique government owned the remaining 18 percent. [6] When given the order to begin construction in 1969, the colonial government of Portugal forced the native people out of their homes and villages in order for the Portuguese and European workers to have a place to live during construction. [7] The Cahora Bassa dam was built in order for more power to go to South Africa. The Portuguese government built a small town for all the contractors, electricians, and engineers on top of the native Mozambique homes. The evicted native people were not given compensation for their loss of property. The dam was built to produce electricity for South African farms, mines, and cities. Since the dam transfers the electricity that it creates to South Africa, it is taking electricity away from the natives that were able to keep some of their land. The natives now struggle for electricity and a regular supply of clean drinking water. [8] Before 2010, the average annual rainfall was thirty-seven inches. This has been decreasing ever since and in 2016, the average annual rainfall was twenty-five inches. If this average continues to fall, the dam operators may have to shut off the flow to some or even all the turbines. [9] Doing so will conserve the water and energy until the reservoir is full enough to allow water to spin the turbines and create more electricity. Having some or all turbines will cause parts of South Africa to lose energy. During the plant shutdown, Songo and Apollo will have a fraction of the energy coming into the converter stations. These places will still be able to use electricity due to the energy that has been stored in a device called an accumulator or by using the pumping method. This method is done by pumping water into a reservoir and letting it go through a turbine when energy is needed..

Power stations

The Cahora Bassa system is the largest hydroelectric scheme in southern Africa with the powerhouse containing five 415 megawatts (557,000 hp) turbines. Most of the power generated is exported to South Africa, which is done by the Cahora Bassa HVDC system, a set of High voltage direct current lines. The system includes two converter stations, one at Songo in Mozambique and the other at Apollo in South Africa. The amount of water that flows through these turbines makes this dam the largest hydroelectric plant in southern Africa. 1,450 megawatts get generated from the water passing through the five turbines. [10] This power is transferred over 1,800-kilometers (1100 miles) of high voltage direct current lines that run from Songo to the power grids of South Africa. There are two parallel pylons between these two stations, covering 1,400 km, of which 900 km is in Mozambican territory. These HVDC lines work at 533 kV and in Mozambique territory have about 4,200 towers. [11]

Renovation and upgrade

In December 2022, Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), the company that operates the Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric Power Station, secured a loan worth US$125 million to rehabilitate and modernize the dam's infrastructure and operating systems. The EPC contactor for the rehabilitation is a consortium comprising Sweco from Sweden and Intertechne Consultores from Brazil. The renovations are expected to keep the power station's generating capacity at 2,075 megawatts, until 2050 at the minimum. Rehabilitation work is expected to conclude in 2025. [12]

See also

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Allen Isaacman is an American historian specializing in the social history of Southern Africa. He is a Regents Professor of History at the University of Minnesota. In 2015, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

References

  1. ↑ "Cahora Bassa | World Lake Database - ILEC". wldb.ilec.or.jp. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
  2. ↑ Isaacman, Allen; Isaacman, Barbara (2013). Dams, Displacement, and the Delusion of Development: Cahora Bassa and Its Legacies in Mozambique, 1965–2007. Athens: Ohio University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN   9780821420331. JSTOR   j.ctt3fgwvd.
  3. ↑ "Cahora Bassa, 1969-1995". Mozambique History Net. 2010.
  4. ↑ Vera Cruz, Germano (November 26, 2007). "Mozambique assumes control of Cahora Bassa". Iol.co.za. Archived from the original on 2009-02-08.
  5. ↑ Cahora Bassa Dam
  6. ↑ "Cahora Bassa, 1969-1995". Mozambique History Net. 2010.
  7. ↑ Isaacman, Allen (2005). "Displaced People, Displaced Energy, and Displaced Memories: The Case of Cahora Bassa, 1970-2004". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 38 (2): 201–238. JSTOR   40034919.
  8. ↑ Sebitosi, A.B.; Da Graça, A. (2009-05-01). "Cahora Bassa and Tete Province (Mozambique): A great potential for an industrial hub in Southern Africa". Energy Policy. 37 (5): 2027–2032. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.001. ISSN   0301-4215.
  9. ↑ "The Ring Around Lago de Cahora Bassa : Image of the Day". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2013-11-30. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
  10. ↑ Sommer, Ulrich; Gliwicz, Z. Maciej (1986). "Long Range Vertical Migration of Volvox in Tropical Lake Cahora Bassa (Mozambique)". Limnology and Oceanography. 31 (3): 650–653. doi: 10.4319/lo.1986.31.3.0650 . JSTOR   2836880.
  11. ↑ Renegotiation of Cahora Bassa Dam deal
  12. ↑ Jean Marie Takouleu (1 December 2022). "Mozambique: US$125 Million to Upgrade Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric Plant". Afik2.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
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