Part of a series on |
Corporal punishment |
---|
By place |
By implementation |
By country |
Court cases |
Politics |
Campaigns against corporal punishment |
Caning is used as a form of corporal punishment in Malaysia. It can be divided into at least four contexts: judicial/prison, school, domestic, and sharia/syariah. Of these, the first is largely a legacy of British colonial rule in the territories that are now part of Malaysia, particularly Malaya. [1]
Judicial caning, the most severe of the four forms of corporal punishment in Malaysia, can be ordered as part of a criminal sentence imposed by civil courts on male convicts. Always ordered in addition to a prison sentence for adult offenders, it is inflicted with a long and thick rattan cane on the prisoner's bare buttocks in an enclosed area in the prison. Convicts who were not sentenced to caning earlier in a court of law may also be punished by caning in the same way if they commit aggravated offences while serving time in prison.
In schools, students may be caned with a light rattan cane on the buttocks over clothing or the palm of the hand for serious misconduct. Although legally only boys can be caned, the caning of girls is common in Malaysia. In the domestic setting, it is legally and culturally acceptable for parents to punish their children with a light rattan cane for misbehaviour. Sharia courts can sentence Muslim men and women (including Muslim foreigners) to caning for committing certain offences. This form of caning is much less severe compared to judicial caning and it is designed to humiliate the offender rather than to inflict physical pain.
Malaysia has been criticised by human rights groups for its use of judicial caning, which Amnesty International claims "subjects thousands of people each year to systematic torture and ill-treatment, leaving them with permanent physical and psychological scars". [2]
Caning, as a form of legally sanctioned corporal punishment for convicted criminals, was first introduced by the British Empire in the 19th century. It was formally codified under the Straits Settlements Penal Code Ordinance IV in 1871. [3]
In that era, offences punishable by caning were similar to those punishable by birching or flogging (with the cat o' nine tails) in England and Wales. They included robbery, aggravated forms of theft, burglary, assault with the intention of sexual abuse, a second or subsequent conviction of rape, a second or subsequent offence relating to prostitution, and living on or trading in prostitution. [3]
The practice of judicial caning was retained as a form of legal penalty after the Federation of Malaya declared independence from Britain in 1957. It is largely a legacy of British colonial rule and has nothing to do with "Islamic justice" even though the majority of the Malaysian population are Muslims. [3]
Sections 286–291 of the Criminal Procedure Code lay down the procedures governing caning, which is referred to as "whipping" in the Code in accordance with traditional British legislative terminology. The procedures include the following:
Boys aged between 10 and 18 may be sentenced to a maximum of 10 strokes with a light rattan cane. [5] [6]
The following groups of people shall not be caned: [7]
Malaysian criminal law prescribes caning for a wide range of offences, always in addition to a prison term and never as a punishment by itself except for juvenile offenders in some cases. Caning is usually a routine punishment for serious offences, notably those involving rape, violence or drug trafficking, but also for lesser offences such as illegal immigration, bribery, and criminal breach of trust. Every year, thousands of illegal immigrants (mostly from Indonesia) are briefly incarcerated, punished with one or two strokes of the cane, and then deported. [10] In November 2003, illegal moneylending was added to the list of offences punishable by caning. [11]
Malaysians have called for caning to be imposed as a punishment for illegal bike racing, [12] snatch theft, [13] traffic offences, [14] deserting one's wife, [15] perpetrating get-rich-quick schemes, [16] and vandalism [17] (cf. Singapore's Vandalism Act). However, these offences still remain outside the list of offences punishable by caning. [18]
Although the Malaysian government does not release overall figures of the number of offenders sentenced to caning every year, in 2010 Amnesty International used statistical sampling to estimate that as many as 10,000 prisoners were caned in a year. [19]
In 2004, the Malaysian Deputy Home Affairs Minister stated that 18,607 undocumented migrants were caned in the first 16 months since caning for immigration offences started in August 2002. In 2009, the Malaysian parliament revealed 34,923 foreigners were caned between 2002 and 2008. Over 60 percent of them were Indonesians, 14 percent were Burmese, and 14 percent were Filipinos. [19]
The criteria for the selection of caning officers are very stringent, with maybe only two out of every 30 applicants being chosen. Those selected undergo special training. They are trained to swing the cane at a speed of at least 160 km/h (99 mph) and produce a force upon impact of at least 90 kg (198 lb). [20] In 2005, they were paid 10 ringgit for each stroke as compared to three ringgit previously. [21] [22] [23]
Two types of rattan canes are used for judicial caning: [23]
The thicker cane is about 1.09 m (3.6 ft) long and 1.25 cm (0.49 in) thick. [24] [25]
The punishment cannot be carried out until after seven days from the date when the offender was sentenced to caning. If the offender made an appeal to an appellate court, the sentence must be confirmed by the court before it can be carried out. [26] The punishment cannot be carried out within 24 hours of the sentence being passed except by special order in case of emergency. [27]
The offender is not told in advance when he will be caned; he is notified only on the day his sentence is to be carried out or, in some instances, one day before. The uncertainty often puts offenders through much fear and psychological suffering. [28]
On the day, a medical officer inspects him and determines whether he is in a fit state of health to undergo the punishment. [23] [29] If the medical officer certifies that the offender is not in a fit state of health to be caned, the offender will be sent back to the court for the caning sentence to be remitted or converted to a prison term of up to 24 months, in addition to the original prison term he was sentenced to. [30]
If the medical officer certifies the offender fit, the offender is then confined in a holding area with other prisoners who are going to be caned on the same day. The offender is escorted to the caning area when it is his turn to be punished. The caning is conducted in an open yard surrounded by walls in the prison, [31] out of the view of the public and other prisoners. The prison director oversees the caning, along with the medical officer [32] and other prison officers. He reads the terms of punishment to the offender and asks him to confirm the number of strokes.
While the prison staff present at the caning scene are usually all men, sometimes female doctors from government hospitals might be ordered to participate because it was part of their duties as government employees. [33]
In practice, the offender is required to strip completely naked for the punishment. However, he may be given a loincloth or a sarong to cover his genitals. [33]
After he confirms the number of strokes, he is taken to an A-shaped wooden frame, to which he is secured throughout the duration of the punishment. The front of his body rests against a padded cushion on the frame while his arms are tied above his head and his legs spread apart and secured tightly to the frame (see the mannequin in the adjacent picture). A "torso shield" is fastened around his body, exposing only his buttocks while protecting his lower back (the kidneys and lower spine area) and upper thighs (near the genitals) from any strokes that might land off-target. [31] [34] A prison officer stands in front of the offender and wraps his hands around the offender's head in case he jerks back his head and injures his neck. The caning is administered on the offender's bare buttocks. [35] The caning officer stands beside the frame and delivers the number of strokes specified in the sentence at intervals of about 30 seconds. To ensure maximum effect, he ensures the tip of the cane comes in contact with the target area and drags it quickly along the skin to break it. [36]
Sanitary procedures are observed as a precaution against HIV transmissions. Each cane is soaked in antiseptic before use to prevent infection. In the case of an HIV-positive subject, the cane used is burnt after the punishment is over. Caning officers also sometimes wear protective smocks, gloves and goggles.
The Criminal Procedure Code stipulates that juvenile offenders (below the age of 18) sentenced to caning shall receive the punishment "in the way of school discipline using a light rattan cane." The legal limit for juveniles is 10 strokes. According to press reports from between 2012 and 2014, the punishment is administered by a police officer inside the courtroom in full view of everyone present there, immediately after the judge announced the sentence. The offender keeps his clothes on and receives the punishment on the buttocks over clothing while bending over a table. A medical officer is also present to supervise the punishment and ensure safety. [10]
A lawyer who represented a juvenile offender who was sentenced to public caning in court defended the punishment by saying that it was part of a plea bargain with the prosecution to ensure that the offender would be punished "in the way of school discipline" instead of the manner in which adult offenders are caned in prison. She also added that such punishments are common in Malaysia and that she had witnessed six such cases in her five years of legal practice. However, another lawyer said there were errors in the way the sentence was ordered and carried out. [37]
A 2010 report by Amnesty International described the severity of judicial caning as follows, "In Malaysian prisons specially trained caning officers tear into victims' bodies with a metre-long cane swung with both hands at high speed. The cane rips into the victim's naked skin, pulps the fatty tissue below, and leaves scars that extend to muscle fibre. The pain is so severe that victims often lose consciousness." [2]
As the caning officers are trained to strike the target and drag the tip of the cane across the wound, the laceration will cause the skin to come off immediately and thus draw blood. Due to the physical pain and intense fear, the offender may lose control over his urinary and bowel functions, or even lose consciousness altogether. Offenders have variously described the pain as "intense", "burning", "being bitten by red ants", "like an electric shock", "worst pain in my life", etc. [38] In any case, judicial caning usually leaves permanent scars on the offender's buttocks. [39]
After the caning, the offender is released from the frame and taken to the prison clinic for medical treatment. [40]
In August 1991, Malaysia's TV3 broadcast a two-part documentary on prison life shot by Majalah Tiga at Kajang Prison and Pudu Prison with permission from the Malaysian Prison Department. The second part focused on corporal and capital punishment. Wan Zaleha Radzi, the documentary's anchorperson, said that her team filmed an actual caning scene. However, direct camera shots of the cane striking prisoners' bare buttocks were edited out from the telecast because they were deemed too sensitive for viewers. [41] [42]
In the mid 2000s, the Malaysian government released three graphic videos featuring several genuine judicial canings, ranging from one stroke to 20 strokes. The canings were filmed in Seremban Prison near the national capital, Kuala Lumpur. [43] [44]
Judicial caning is also used as a form of legal punishment for criminal offences in two of Malaysia's neighbouring countries, Brunei and Singapore. There are some differences across the three countries. [45]
Brunei | Malaysia | Singapore | |
---|---|---|---|
Sharia caning | In practice | In practice | Not in practice |
Juveniles | Local courts may order the caning of boys below the age of 16. Juveniles are punished "in the way of school discipline" with their clothes on. | Local courts may order the caning of boys below the age of 16. Juveniles are punished "in the way of school discipline" with their clothes on. | Only the High Court may order the caning of boys below the age of 16. |
Age limit | Men above the age of 50 cannot be sentenced to caning. | Men above the age of 50 cannot be sentenced to caning. However, the law was amended in 2006 such that men convicted of sex offences may still be sentenced to caning even if they are above the age of 50. In 2008, a 56-year-old man was sentenced to 57 years jail and 12 strokes of the cane for rape. [46] | Men above the age of 50 cannot be sentenced to caning. |
Maximum no. of strokes per trial | 24 strokes for adults; 18 strokes for juveniles | 24 strokes for adults; 10 strokes for juveniles | 24 strokes for adults; 10 strokes for juveniles |
Terminology | The official term is whipping in accordance with traditional British legislative terminology. | The official term is whipping in accordance with traditional British legislative terminology. Informally, the term caning, as well as strokes of the cane and strokes of the rotan, is used. | In both legislation and press reports, the term used is caning. |
Dimensions of the cane | About 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long and no more than 1.27 cm (0.5 in) in diameter | About 1.09 m (3.6 ft) long and no more than 1.25 cm (0.49 in) in diameter | About 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long and no more than 1.27 cm (0.5 in) in diameter |
Type of cane | The same type of rattan cane is used on all offenders regardless of the offence committed. | Two types of rattan canes are used: The smaller one is for white-collar offenders while the larger one is for other offenders. | The same type of rattan cane is used on all offenders regardless of the offence committed. |
Modus operandi | The offender is tied to a wooden frame in a bent-over position with his feet together. He has protective padding secured around his lower back to protect the kidney and lower spine area from strokes that land off-target. | The offender stands upright at an A-shaped wooden frame with his feet apart and hands tied above his head. He has a special protective "shield" tied around his lower body to cover the lower back and upper thighs while leaving the buttocks exposed. | The offender is tied to the trestle in a bent-over position with his feet together. He has protective padding secured around his lower back to protect the kidney and lower spine area from strokes that land off-target. |
Under Malaysian law, the officer in charge of a prison (holding the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Prison and above) may impose caning on prisoners who commit aggravated prison offences [47] even if they were not sentenced to caning earlier in a court of law. The prisoner is given an opportunity to hear the charge and evidence against him and make his defence. [48]
Malaysia has a parallel justice system of sharia courts, which can order caning for Muslim men and women under Section 125 of the Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Territories) Act 1997. [49]
This kind of caning is rarely implemented, and is quite different from, and much less severe than, judicial caning under Malaysian criminal law. It is intended to be shaming rather than particularly painful. Before the caning is carried out, a medical officer must certify that the offender is fit to undergo the punishment. A rattan cane about 1.25 cm (0.49 in) in diameter is used. [49] The punishment is normally carried out in an enclosed area out of the view of the public, even though the Syariah Criminal Procedure (Sabah) Enactment 1993 allows the court to determine where the caning is to take place. [50] The offender remains fully dressed; men remain standing when they receive the punishment while women are seated. Although the law states that the offender can be caned on all parts of the body except the face, head, stomach, chest or private parts, in practice the caning is usually administered on the offender's back. [49] It is carried out by an officer of the same sex as the offender. Each stroke intended to be executed with force low enough to not break the skin, [49] and the officer delivers the punishment with a "limp wrist" and without raising his/her hand. A medical officer is also present throughout the procedure to ensure safety. [36] [51]
This form of caning is also practised in Indonesia's Aceh Province, where it is more common.[ citation needed ]
In Malaysian primary and secondary schools, caning is a legal disciplinary measure. Although permitted for boys only, in practice it is sometimes also used on girls.
A survey conducted by YouGov in 2019 found that 81 percent of parents in Malaysia supported the use of corporal punishment. 47 percent supported its use in schools. [60] The survey also found that 85 percent of the parents had been physically disciplined growing up.
Soure: [61]
The Education Ministry discourages the caning of primary school students. [64] However, based on numerous reported cases, caning is still common in both primary and secondary schools.
Public caning has been discouraged in schools after the Education Regulations came into force. However, there are many cases suggesting that the caning of both boys and girls in front of the class/school [65] is common. [66] [67]
There are many reported cases suggesting that the caning of girls on the clothed bottom, arms, legs, [68] or palm of the hand [69] is a common practice. [70] [71] Anecdotal evidence suggests that, especially in Chinese-medium schools, every girl would undoubtedly be caned at least once or more. [72]
While serious infringements such as theft, smoking, gangsterism and bullying are among offences punishable by caning, minor transgressions are also frequently dealt with by physical punishment. [73]
Caning is especially prevalent Malaysia's Chinese-language medium schools, [74] where it is a daily occurrence for girls and boys of all ages instead of being a "special punishment" reserved for serious offences. [75] Typically, a student is caned on the spot in front of his or her class/school for transgressions such as:
This will typically be administered on the palm of the hand or clothed bottom, albeit less serious or forceful than an "official" caning for serious disciplinary breaches. Anecdotally, these will cause the palm/buttocks to sting, especially after multiple consecutive strokes. Mass punishments are not uncommon. [75]
Corporal punishment of children with a rattan cane by their parents is lawful and culturally accepted in Malaysia. [104] This is done for various reasons, including misbehaviour, laziness or poor results. Sometimes, parents may cane their children after learning that they had been caned in school. [75] However, if the caning causes physical and mental injuries, it becomes an offence under the law. [105] [106]
Malaysia has been criticised by human rights groups for its use of judicial caning. A 2010 report by Amnesty International criticises the increasing use of judicial caning in Malaysia and claims the punishment "subjects thousands of people each year to systematic torture and ill-treatment, leaving them with permanent physical and psychological scars". [2] Amnesty International estimates that some 10,000 people are caned each year, many of them for immigration offences. The charity argues the practice could cause long-term disabilities and trauma and said many of the foreigners sentenced to caning did not get legal representation or understand the charge. [107]
Malaysian officials reject the accusation of torture. The Prison Department states that canings are carefully supervised by prison authorities and attended by medical doctors.
A corporal punishment or a physical punishment is a punishment which is intended to cause physical pain to a person. When it is inflicted on minors, especially in home and school settings, its methods may include spanking or paddling. When it is inflicted on adults, it may be inflicted on prisoners and slaves, and can involve methods such as whipping with a belt or a horsewhip.
Rattan, also spelled ratan, is the name for roughly 600 species of Old World climbing palms belonging to subfamily Calamoideae. The greatest diversity of rattan palm species and genera are in the closed-canopy old-growth tropical forests of Southeast Asia, though they can also be found in other parts of tropical Asia and Africa. Most rattan palms are ecologically considered lianas due to their climbing habits, unlike other palm species. A few species also have tree-like or shrub-like habits.
Caning is a form of corporal punishment consisting of a number of hits with a single cane usually made of rattan, generally applied to the offender's bare or clothed buttocks or hands. Caning on the knuckles or shoulders is much less common. Caning can also be applied to the soles of the feet. The size and flexibility of the cane and the mode of application, as well as the number of the strokes, may vary.
Birching is a form of corporal punishment with a birch rod, typically used to strike the recipient's bare buttocks, although occasionally the back and/or shoulders.
In 1994, a court in Singapore sentenced an American teenager, Michael Fay, to be lashed six times with a cane for violating the Vandalism Act. This caused a temporary strain in relations between Singapore and the United States.
The Pudu Prison, also known as Pudu Jail, was a prison in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Built in phases by the British colonial government between 1891 and 1895, it stood on Jalan Shaw. The construction began with its 394-metre prison wall at a cost of 16,000 Straits dollars, and had been adorned with the world's longest mural at one point in its history.
The tawse, sometimes formerly spelled taws, is an implement used for corporal punishment. It was used for educational discipline, primarily in Scotland, but also in schools in a few English cities e.g. Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, Liverpool, Manchester and Walsall.
Caning is a widely used form of corporal punishment in Singapore. It can be divided into several contexts: judicial, prison, reformatory, military, school and domestic. These practices of caning as punishment were introduced during the period of British colonial rule in Singapore. Similar forms of corporal punishment are also used in some other former British colonies, including two of Singapore's neighbouring countries, Malaysia and Brunei.
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Malaysian law.
The Vandalism Act 1966 is a statute of the Parliament of Singapore that criminalizes a number of different acts done in relation to public and private property, namely, stealing, destroying or damaging public property; and, without the property owner's written consent, writing, drawing, painting, marking or inscribing on property; affixing posters, placards, etc., to the property; and suspending or displaying on or from the property any flag, banner, etc.
Corporal punishment is banned in the penal and education systems of the Republic of China (Taiwan), but there are no laws banning its use in the home. However, as of 22 March 2023, there is a draft amendment of Article 1085 of the Civil Law that may make some forms of corporal punishment in the home illegal if it comes into effect.
School corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of physical pain as a response to undesired behavior by students. The term corporal punishment derives from the Latin word for the "body", corpus. In schools it may involve striking the student on the buttocks or on the palms of their hands with an implement such as a rattan cane, wooden paddle, slipper, leather strap, belt, or wooden yardstick. Less commonly, it could also include spanking or smacking the student with an open hand, especially at the kindergarten, primary school, or other more junior levels.
Judicial corporal punishment is the infliction of corporal punishment as a result of a sentence imposed on an offender by a court of law, including flagellation, forced amputations, caning, bastinado, birching, or strapping. Legal corporal punishment is forbidden in most countries, but it still is a form of legal punishment practiced according to the legislations of Brunei, Iran, Libya, the Maldives, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Qatar, as well as parts of Indonesia and Nigeria.
The Arms Offences Act 1973 is a statute of the Parliament of Singapore that criminalizes the illegal possession of arms and ammunition and the carrying, trafficking, and usage of arms. The law is designed specifically to make acts of ownership, knowingly receiving payment in connection with the trade of a trafficked armaments and ammunition, as well as the unlawful usage of arms and ammunition a criminal offence.
Beer in Malaysia started in 1968, when two leading breweries, Guinness and Malayan Breweries, merged to form a new company known as Guinness Anchor Berhad. Previously, the distribution of beer in Malaysia is mainly distributed by Malayan Breweries Limited which is centred in neighbouring Singapore. Carlsberg established its first brewery outside Kuala Lumpur in 1970. By 2007, one local brewery began to establish their presence in the country although the demands for commercial beers are much higher than a new local brand. Most beers in the Malaysian markets are imported from neighbouring countries such as Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam. In 2022, finally Malaysia had its very own craft beer brand known as PaperKite. PaperKite is also the first Malaysian craft beer brand to win the World Beer Awards in 2023.
Caning is used as a form of judicial corporal punishment in Brunei. This practice is heavily influenced by Brunei's history as a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984. Similar forms of corporal punishment are also used in two of Brunei's neighbouring countries, Singapore and Malaysia, which are themselves former British colonies.
Yap Weng Wah, alias Wai Loon or Loon, is a Malaysian serial sex offender, who formerly worked as a quality assurance engineer, and is currently jailed in Singapore for 76 sexual offences committed against 31 teenage boys aged between 11 and 15 in Singapore. He befriended his victims online, had sex with them and filmed his illegal acts. During police investigations, Yap was found to have raped 14 more boys in Malaysia in between his constant trips from Singapore to Malaysia before his arrest.
Life imprisonment is a legal penalty in Singapore. This sentence is applicable for more than forty offences under Singapore law, such as culpable homicide not amounting to murder, attempted murder, kidnapping by ransom, criminal breach of trust by a public servant, voluntarily causing grievous hurt with dangerous weapons, and trafficking of firearms, in addition to caning or a fine for certain offences that warrant life imprisonment.
Bala Kuppusamy, a Singaporean citizen, is a convicted robber and serial rapist who had committed various offences of rape, robbery and molestation from 1985 to 2008. His first offence of raping and robbing a 19-year-old woman in 1985 led to him being sentenced to 11 years' jail and 28 strokes of the cane, and his second conviction for sexually assaulting two students and four robberies led to him sentenced to 23 years' jail and 24 strokes of the cane.