Related Research Articles
Feminist theology is a movement found in several religions,including Buddhism,Hinduism,Zoroastrianism,Sikhism,Jainism,Neopaganism,BaháʼíFaith,Judaism,Islam,Christianity,and New Thought,to reconsider the traditions,practices,scriptures,and theologies of those religions from a feminist perspective. Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among clergy and religious authorities,reinterpreting patriarchal (male-dominated) imagery and language about God,determining women's place in relation to career and motherhood,studying images of women in the religions' sacred texts,and matriarchal religion.
Process theology is a type of theology developed from Alfred North Whitehead's (1861–1947) process philosophy,but most notably by Charles Hartshorne (1897–2000),John B. Cobb,and Eugene H. Peters (1929–1983). Process theology and process philosophy are collectively referred to as "process thought".
Dorothee Steffensky-Sölle,known as Dorothee Sölle,was a German liberation theologian who coined the term "Christofascism". She was born in Cologne and died at a conference in Göppingen from cardiac arrest.
In Christianity,Jesus is the Son of God as chronicled in the Bible's New Testament,and in most Christian denominations he is held to be God the Son,a prosopon (Person) of the Trinity of God. Christians believe him to be the messiah,who was prophesied in the Bible's Old Testament. Through Jesus's crucifixion and resurrection,Christians believe that God offers humans salvation and eternal life,with Jesus's death atoning for all sin.
Mary Daly was an American radical feminist philosopher and theologian. Daly,who described herself as a "radical lesbian feminist",taught at the Jesuit-run Boston College for 33 years. Once a practicing Roman Catholic,she had disavowed Christianity by the early 1970s. Daly retired from Boston College in 1999,after violating university policy by refusing to allow male students in her advanced women's studies classes. She allowed male students in her introductory class and privately tutored those who wanted to take advanced classes.
The Goddess movement is a revivalistic Neopagan religious movement which includes spiritual beliefs and practices that emerged primarily in the United States in the late 1960s and predominantly in the Western world during the 1970s. The movement grew as a reaction both against Abrahamic religions,which exclusively have gods who are referred to using masculine grammatical articles and pronouns,and secularism. It revolves around Goddess worship and the veneration for the divine feminine,and may include a focus on women or on one or more understandings of gender or femininity.
Progressive Christianity represents a postmodern theological approach,which developed out of the liberal Christianity of the modern era,itself rooted in the Enlightenment's thinking. Progressive Christianity is a postliberal theological movement within Christianity that,in the words of Reverend Roger Wolsey,"seeks to reform the faith via the insights of post-modernism and a reclaiming of the truth beyond the verifiable historicity and factuality of the passages in the Bible by affirming the truths within the stories that may not have actually happened."
Liberal Christianity,also known as liberal theology and historically as Christian Modernism,is a movement that interprets Christian teaching by prioritizing modern knowledge,science and ethics. It emphasizes the importance of reason and experience over doctrinal authority. Liberal Christians view their theology as an alternative to both atheistic rationalism and theologies based on traditional interpretations of external authority,such as the Bible or sacred tradition.
Sophia is a central idea in Hellenistic philosophy and religion,Platonism,Gnosticism and Christian theology. Originally carrying a meaning of "cleverness,skill",the later meaning of the term,close to the meaning of phronesis,was significantly shaped by the term philosophía as used by Plato.
Queer theology is a theological method that has developed out of the philosophical approach of queer theory,built upon scholars such as Marcella Althaus-Reid,Michel Foucault,Gayle Rubin,Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick,and Judith Butler. Queer theology begins with the assumption that gender variance and queer desire have always been present in human history,including faith traditions and their sacred texts such as the Jewish Scriptures and the Bible. It was at one time separated into two separate theologies:gay theology and lesbian theology. Later,the two theologies would merge and expand to become the more general method of queer theology.
Margaret Daphne Hampson is an English theologian. Educated at Oxford and at Harvard,she held a personal Chair in "Post-Christian Thought" at the University of St Andrews. Hampson's distinctive theological position has both gained her notoriety and been widely influential. Holding that Christianity is neither true nor moral,she believes the overcoming of patriarchal religion to be fundamental to human emancipation. As a theologian Hampson has always held to a "realist" position,in which the understanding of "that which is God" is based in human religious experience.
Thomas Jay Oord is a theologian,philosopher,and multidisciplinary scholar who directs a doctoral program at Northwind Theological Seminary and the Center for Open and Relational Theology. He formerly taught for sixteen years as a tenured professor at Northwest Nazarene University in Nampa,Idaho and before that a philosophy professor at Eastern Nazarene College. Oord is the author or editor of more than thirty books and hundreds of articles. He is known for his contributions to research on love,open theism,process theism,open and relational theology,postmodernism,the relationship between religion and science,Wesleyan,holiness,Nazarene theology.
Christian feminism is a school of Christian theology which uses the viewpoint of a Christian to promote and understand morally,socially,and spiritually the equality of men and women. Christian theologians argue that contributions by women and acknowledging women's value are necessary for a complete understanding of Christianity. Christian feminists are driven by the belief that God does not discriminate on the basis of biologically determined characteristics such as sex and race,but created all humans to exist in harmony and equality regardless of those factors. On the other hand,Christian egalitarianism is used for those advocating gender equality and equity among Christians but do not wish to associate themselves with the feminist movement.
Kathryn Eileen Tanner is an American Anglican theologian who serves as Frederick Marquand Professor of Systematic Theology at Yale Divinity School.
Sallie McFague was an American feminist Christian theologian,best known for her analysis of how metaphor lies at the heart of how Christians may speak about God. She applied this approach,in particular,to ecological issues,writing extensively on care for the Earth as if it were God's "body". She was Distinguished Theologian in Residence at the Vancouver School of Theology,British Columbia,Canada.
Christian fascism is a far-right political ideology that denotes an intersection between fascism and Christianity. It is sometimes referred to as "Christofascism",a neologism which was coined in 1970 by the liberation theologian Dorothee Sölle.
The Philadelphia Eleven are eleven women who were the first women ordained as priests in the Episcopal Church on July 29,1974,two years before General Convention affirmed and explicitly authorized the ordination of women to the priesthood.
Asian feminist theology is a Christian feminist theology developed to be especially relevant to women in Asia and women of Asian descent. Inspired by both liberation theology and Christian feminism,it aims to contextualize them to the conditions and experiences of women and religion in Asia.
Beverly Jean Wildung Harrison (1932–2012) was an American Presbyterian feminist theologian whose work was foundational for the field of feminist Christian ethics. She taught at Union Theological Seminary in New York City for 32 years.
Janet Morley is a British author,poet,and Christian feminist.
References
Footnotes
- ↑ Miller-McLemore 2004, p. 132.
- 1 2 3 Guðmundsdóttir 2010, p. 37.
- ↑ Heyward 2017, pp. xi–xii, 235.
- 1 2 3 4 Wondra 1994, p. 286.
- ↑ Wondra 1994, p. 285.
- ↑ Heyward 2003, p. 233; Shore-Goss 2010, p. 187; Wondra 1994, p. 286.
- ↑ Shore-Goss 2010, p. 187.
- ↑ Shore-Goss 2010, p. 188.
- ↑ Harrison 2004, pp. 147–148; Ruether 2002, p. 10.
- ↑ "The Women Priests". Time. Vol. 104, no. 9. New York. August 26, 1974. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
- ↑ "Rev. Dr. Carter Heyward". LGBT Religious Archives Network. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
- 1 2 The Archive of Women in Theological Scholarship, Burke Library, Union Theological Seminary (biographical details to 1998). For further details, see Centre for Digital Discourse, Virginia Tech. Feminist Theory Website: Carter Heyward. Archived April 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Heyward 2017, p. 55.
- ↑ Heyward 1999, p. 20.
- ↑ Heyward 1989a , p. 188 Quoted in Tatman 2001 , p. 189.
- ↑ Heyward 1999, p. 5.
- ↑ Heyward 1989a , p. 22. Quoted in Tatman 2001 , p. 190.
- ↑ Heyward 1999, p. 156.
- ↑ Heyward 1984, p. 240.
- 1 2 Heyward 1999, p. 126.
- ↑ Heyward 1999, p. xiv.
- ↑ Heyward 1999, p. xv.
- ↑ Heyward 1982 , p. 9 Quoted in Tatman 2001 , p. 190.
- ↑ Heyward 1999, p. xviii.
- ↑ Free Rein Center. "Website of the Free Rein Center". Freereincenter.com. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ↑ Heyward 1999, p. 175.
- ↑ Heyward, Carter (1989b). Davis, Ellen (ed.). Speaking of Christ: A Lesbian Feminist Voice . New York: Pilgrim Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780829808292. Quoted in Tatman 2001 , p. 183.
- ↑ Heyward 1984 , p. 7 Quoted in Tatman 2001 , p. 185.
- ↑ Heyward 1982 , p. 35. See Tatman 2001 , p. 186.
- ↑ Tatman 2001, p. 189.
- ↑ Tatman 2001, p. 193.
- ↑ "Carter Heyward". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Episcopal Divinity School. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
- ↑ "Carter Heyward". Feminist Theory Website. Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Tech University. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ↑ "Finding Aid for Suzanne R. Hiatt Papers, 1922-2003" (PDF). Archives of Women in Theological Scholarship, Burke Library at Union Theological Seminary, Columbia University, NY. October 2000. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
- ↑ Heyward 2017.
Works cited
- Guðmundsdóttir, Arnfríður (2010). Meeting God on the Cross: Christ, the Cross, and the Feminist Critique. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195397963.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-539796-3.
- Harrison, Beverly Wildung (2004). "Working with Protestant Traditions: Feminist Transformations". Justice in the Making: Feminist Social Ethics. By Harrison, Beverly Wildung. Bounds, Elizabeth M.; Brubaker, Pamela K.; Hicks, Jane E.; Legge, Marilyn J.; Peters, Rebecca Todd; West, Traci (eds.). Interviewed by Legge, Marilyn J. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 145–152. ISBN 978-0-664-22774-6.
- Heyward, Carter (1982). The Redemption of God: A Theology of Mutual Relation. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
- ——— (1984). Our Passion for Justice: Images of Power and Sexuality and Liberation. New York: Pilgrim Press.
- ——— (1989a). Touching Our Strength: The Erotic as Power and the Love of God . San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780062503961.
- ——— (1999). Saving Jesus from Those Who Are Right: Rethinking What It Means to Be Christian. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress.
- ——— (2003). "Crossing Over: Dorothee Soelle and the Transcendence of God". The Theology of Dorothee Soelle. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International. pp. 221ff. ISBN 978-1-56338-404-2.
- ——— (2017). She Flies On: A White Southern Christian Debutante Wakes Up. New York: Church Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8192-3353-0.
- Miller-McLemore, Bonnie (2004). "Sloppy Mutuality: Just Love for Children and Adults". In Anderson, Herbert; Foley, Edward; Miller-McLemore, Bonnie; Schreiter, Robert (eds.). Mutuality Matters: Family, Faith, and Just Love. Lanham, Maryland: Sheed & Ward. pp. 121–135. hdl: 1803/3240 . ISBN 978-0-7425-3155-0.
- Pears, Angela (2004). Feminist Christian Encounters: The Methods and Strategies of Feminist Informed Christian Theologies. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-0990-2.
- Ruether, Rosemary Radford (2002). "The Emergence of Christian Feminist Theology". In Parsons, Susan Frank (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Feminist Theology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–22. doi:10.1017/CCOL052166327X.001. ISBN 978-1-280-42108-2.
- Shore-Goss, Robert E. (2010). "Gay and Lesbian Theologies". In Floyd-Thomas, Stacey M.; Pinn, Anthony B. (eds.). Liberation Theologies in the United States: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press. pp. 181–208. ISBN 978-0-8147-2793-5. JSTOR j.ctt9qgdgx.13.
- Tatman, Lucy (2001). Knowledge That Matters: A Feminist Theological Paradigm and Epistemology. London: Sheffield Academic Press.
- Wondra, Ellen K. (1994). Humanity Has Been a Holy Thing: Toward a Contemporary Feminist Christology. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-8191-9439-8.
