Related Research Articles
Happiness is a positive and pleasant emotion,ranging from contentment to intense joy. Moments of happiness may be triggered by positive life experiences or thoughts,but sometimes it may arise from no obvious cause. The level of happiness for longer periods of time is more strongly correlated with levels of life satisfaction,subjective well-being,flourishing and eudaimonia. In common usage,the word happy can be an appraisal of those measures themselves or as a shorthand for a "source" of happiness. As with any emotion,the precise definition of happiness has been a perennial debate in philosophy.
In sociology,social distance describes the distance between individuals or social groups in society,including dimensions such as social class,race/ethnicity,gender or sexuality. Members of different groups mix less than members of the same group. It is the measure of nearness or intimacy that an individual or group feels towards another individual or group in a social network or the level of trust one group has for another and the extent of perceived likeness of beliefs.
Economic materialism can be described as either a personal attitude that attaches importance to acquiring and consuming material goods or as a logistical analysis of how physical resources are shaped into consumable products.
Mental accounting is a model of consumer behaviour developed by Richard Thaler that attempts to describe the process whereby people code,categorize and evaluate economic outcomes. Mental accounting incorporates the economic concepts of prospect theory and transactional utility theory to evaluate how people create distinctions between their financial resources in the form of mental accounts,which in turn impacts the buyer decision process and reaction to economic outcomes. People are presumed to make mental accounts as a self control strategy to manage and keep track of their spending and resources. People budget money into mental accounts for savings or expense categories. People also are assumed to make mental accounts to facilitate savings for larger purposes. Mental accounting can result in people demonstrating greater loss aversion for certain mental accounts,resulting in cognitive bias that incentivizes systematic departures from consumer rationality. Through increased understanding of mental accounting differences in decision making based on different resources,and different reactions based on similar outcomes can be greater understood.
An intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves emotional or physical closeness between people and may include sexual intimacy and feelings of romance or love. Intimate relationships are interdependent,and the members of the relationship mutually influence each other. The quality and nature of the relationship depends on the interactions between individuals,and is derived from the unique context and history that builds between people over time. Social and legal institutions such as marriage acknowledge and uphold intimate relationships between people. However,intimate relationships are not necessarily monogamous or sexual,and there is wide social and cultural variability in the norms and practices of intimacy between people.
In social psychology and sociology,an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast,an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. People may for example identify with their peer group,family,community,sports team,political party,gender,sexual orientation,religion,or nation. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena.
In the field of consumer behavior,an impulse purchase or impulse buying is an unplanned decision by a consumer to buy a product or service,made just before a purchase. One who tends to make such purchases is referred to as an impulse purchaser,impulse buyer,or compulsive buyer. Research findings suggest that emotions,feelings,and attitudes play a decisive role in purchasing,triggered by seeing the product or upon exposure to a well crafted promotional message.
The contagion heuristic is a psychological heuristic which follows the law of contagion and the law of similarity,leading people to avoid contact with people or objects viewed as "contaminated" by previous contact with someone or something viewed as bad—or,less often,to seek contact with objects that have been in contact with people or things considered good. For example,people tend to view food that has touched the ground as contaminated by the ground,and therefore unfit to eat,or view a person who has touched a diseased person as likely to carry the disease.
Dan Ariely is an Israeli-American professor and author. He serves as a James B. Duke Professor of psychology and behavioral economics at Duke University. Ariely is the co-founder of several companies implementing insights from behavioral science. Ariely wrote an advice column called Ask Ariely in the WSJ from June 2012 until September 2022. Ariely is the author of the three New York Times best selling books Predictably Irrational,The Upside of Irrationality and The Honest Truth about Dishonesty. He co-produced the 2015 documentary (Dis)Honesty:The Truth About Lies.
In psychology,economics and philosophy,preference is a technical term usually used in relation to choosing between alternatives. For example,someone prefers A over B if they would rather choose A than B. Preferences are central to decision theory because of this relation to behavior. Some methods such as Ordinal Priority Approach use preference relation for decision-making. As connative states,they are closely related to desires. The difference between the two is that desires are directed at one object while preferences concern a comparison between two alternatives,of which one is preferred to the other.
In decision making and psychology,decision fatigue refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making. It is now understood as one of the causes of irrational trade-offs in decision making. Decision fatigue may also lead to consumers making poor choices with their purchases.
Jennifer Aaker is an American behavioural scientist and General Atlantic Professor and Coulter Family Fellow at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. She is known for her research on time,money,and happiness. Aaker also focuses on the transmission of ideas through social networks,the power of story in decision making,and how to build global brands across cultures. She is the recipient of the Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award from the Society for Consumer Psychology and the Stanford Distinguished Teaching Award.
In psychology,ownership is the feeling that something is yours. Psychological ownership is distinct from legal ownership:for example,one may feel that one's cubicle at work is theirs and no one else's,even though legal ownership of the cubicle is actually conferred on the organization.
The frog pond effect is the theory that individuals evaluate themselves as worse than they actually are when in a group of higher-performing individuals. This effect is a part of the wider social comparison theory. It relates to how individuals evaluate themselves based on comparisons to other people around them,and is generally due to upward comparisons toward people who are better than themselves.
In advertising,a fear pattern is a sequence of fear arousal and fear reduction that is felt by the viewing audience when exposed to an advertisement,which attempts to threaten the audience by presenting a negative physical,psychological or social consequence that is likely to occur if they engage in a particular behaviour. Fear appeals are commonly used in social marketing campaigns. These are sometimes called “threat appeals”,however the label “fear appeals”is justified if the appeal can be shown to arouse fear.
In the psychology of self,the future self concerns the processes and consequences associated with thinking about oneself in the future. People think about their future selves similarly to how they think about other people. The extent to which people feel psychologically connected to their future self influences how well they treat their future self. When people feel connected to their future self,they are more likely to save for retirement,make healthy decisions,and avoid ethical transgressions. Interventions that increase feelings of connectedness with future selves can improve future-oriented decision making across these domains.
The Marley hypothesis is a psychological theory on how racial groups may have different perceptions of the current racism in society due to a difference in their extent of knowledge and awareness of racial history. The study hypothesizes a strong correlation between how much one knows about past racial discrimination,and how well they recognize racism in a given situation. This study is executed through social experiments,which theorizes how this behavioral pattern may arise due to members of a racial subgroup viewing racial discrimination through a social lens that has been shaped by their past attuned knowledge and understanding of racist incidents in history. Researchers of the Marley Hypothesis propose that members of minority groups,the African Americans,will have a higher understanding of racial history,while the majority group,European Americans,denies or overlooks such cases.
Margaret Catherine Campbell is the Provost Professor of Marketing at the Leeds School of Business,University of Colorado Boulder. She served for a term as co-editor of the Journal of Consumer Research.
In organizational behavior and psychology,Economic evaluation of time refers to perceiving of time in terms of money.
Thomas O’Guinn is an American marketing professor and an expert in the area of branding and the sociology of consumer behavior,including how viewers create distorted views of consumption behavior and other consumers through media viewing. He co-founded the work on compulsive buying with Ronald J. Faber. He and Robin Tanner and Aerum Maeng were the first to demonstrate that consumers infer social class,income,and the worth of an object for sale simply by the level of crowding or social density in a store. He is the,Irwin Maier Distinguished Chair in Business and Professor of Marketing at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He also has an appointment in sociology at UW.
References
- ↑ "UCLA marketing prof probes what will make you happier". UCLA. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie (April 2019). "It's time for happiness". Current Opinion in Psychology. 26: 80–84. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.002. PMID 30031356. S2CID 51714048.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie; Norton, Michael I (August 2016). "Time, money, and happiness". Current Opinion in Psychology. 10: 12–16. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.018.
- ↑ Diener, Ed; Oishi, Shigehiro; Tay, Louis (2018-02-12). "Advances in subjective well-being research". Nature Human Behaviour. 2 (4): 253–260. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 30936533. S2CID 4726262.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie (September 2010). "The Pursuit of Happiness: Time, Money, and Social Connection". Psychological Science. 21 (9): 1348–1354. doi:10.1177/0956797610380696. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 20732902. S2CID 32967787.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie; Aaker, Jennifer (August 2009). "'The Time vs. Money Effect': Shifting Product Attitudes and Decisions through Personal Connection". Journal of Consumer Research. 36 (2): 277–291. doi:10.1086/597161. ISSN 0093-5301. S2CID 18900038.
- ↑ Gino, Francesca; Mogilner, Cassie (February 2014). "Time, Money, and Morality". Psychological Science. 25 (2): 414–421. doi:10.1177/0956797613506438. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 24317421. S2CID 9794988.
- ↑ Hershfield, Hal E.; Mogilner, Cassie; Barnea, Uri (September 2016). "People Who Choose Time Over Money Are Happier". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 7 (7): 697–706. doi:10.1177/1948550616649239. ISSN 1948-5506. S2CID 26839145.
- ↑ Bhattacharjee, Amit; Mogilner, Cassie (2014-06-01). "Happiness from Ordinary and Extraordinary Experiences". Journal of Consumer Research. 41 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1086/674724. ISSN 0093-5301. S2CID 6146434.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie; Kamvar, Sepandar D.; Aaker, Jennifer (July 2011). "The Shifting Meaning of Happiness". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2 (4): 395–402. doi:10.1177/1948550610393987. ISSN 1948-5506. S2CID 16655640.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie; Aaker, Jennifer; Kamvar, Sepandar D. (2012-08-01). "How Happiness Affects Choice". Journal of Consumer Research. 39 (2): 429–443. doi: 10.1086/663774 . ISSN 0093-5301.
- ↑ Etkin, Jordan; Mogilner, Cassie (August 2016). "Does Variety Among Activities Increase Happiness?". Journal of Consumer Research. 43 (2): 210–229. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw021. ISSN 0093-5301.
- ↑ Aaker, Jennifer L.; Rudd, Melanie; Mogilner, Cassie (April 2011). "If money does not make you happy, consider time". Journal of Consumer Psychology. 21 (2): 126–130. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.01.004.
- ↑ West, Colin; Mogilner, Cassie; DeVoe, Sanford E. (2020-06-15). "Happiness From Treating the Weekend Like a Vacation". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 12 (3): 346–356. doi:10.1177/1948550620916080. ISSN 1948-5506. S2CID 219977885.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie; Shiv, Baba; Iyengar, Sheena S. (2013-04-01). "Eternal Quest for the Best: Sequential (vs. Simultaneous) Option Presentation Undermines Choice Commitment". Journal of Consumer Research. 39 (6): 1300–1312. doi:10.1086/668534. ISSN 0093-5301.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie; Aaker, Jennifer L.; Pennington, Ginger L. (February 2008). "Time Will Tell: The Distant Appeal of Promotion and Imminent Appeal of Prevention: Table 1". Journal of Consumer Research. 34 (5): 670–681. doi:10.1086/521901. ISSN 0093-5301. S2CID 41362420.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie; Chance, Zoë; Norton, Michael I. (October 2012). "Giving Time Gives You Time". Psychological Science. 23 (10): 1233–1238. doi:10.1177/0956797612442551. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 22972905. S2CID 27293498.
- ↑ Columbia College (Columbia University). Office of Alumni Affairs and Development; Columbia College (Columbia University) (August 2007). Columbia College today. Columbia University Libraries. New York, N.Y. : Columbia College, Office of Alumni Affairs and Development.
- ↑ Andrea Carter (2018-04-24). "Poets&Quants | 2018 Best 40 Under 40 Professors: Cassie Mogilner Holmes, Anderson School of Management". Poets&Quants. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
- ↑ "ACR Early Career Award | ACR". www.acrwebsite.org. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
- ↑ "Society for Consumer Psychology: Honorees". www.myscp.org. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
- ↑ "Past MSI Young Scholars - MSI Web Site »". Marketing Science Institute. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
- ↑ "Best Article Award". Journal of Consumer Research. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie; Aaker, Jennifer (August 2009). "'The Time vs. Money Effect': Shifting Product Attitudes and Decisions through Personal Connection". Journal of Consumer Research. 36 (2): 277–291. doi:10.1086/597161. ISSN 0093-5301. S2CID 18900038.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie (September 2010). "The Pursuit of Happiness: Time, Money, and Social Connection". Psychological Science. 21 (9): 1348–1354. doi:10.1177/0956797610380696. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 20732902. S2CID 32967787.
- ↑ Mogilner, Cassie; Kamvar, Sepandar D.; Aaker, Jennifer (July 2011). "The Shifting Meaning of Happiness". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2 (4): 395–402. doi:10.1177/1948550610393987. ISSN 1948-5506. S2CID 16655640.
- ↑ Bhattacharjee, Amit; Mogilner, Cassie (2014-06-01). "Happiness from Ordinary and Extraordinary Experiences". Journal of Consumer Research. 41 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1086/674724. ISSN 0093-5301. S2CID 6146434.
- ↑ Chan, Cindy; Mogilner, Cassie (2016-12-11). "Experiential Gifts Foster Stronger Social Relationships than Material Gifts". Journal of Consumer Research. 43 (6): 913–931. doi: 10.1093/jcr/ucw067 . ISSN 0093-5301.
- ↑ Etkin, Jordan; Mogilner, Cassie (August 2016). "Does Variety Among Activities Increase Happiness?". Journal of Consumer Research. 43 (2): 210–229. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw021. ISSN 0093-5301.