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Lungfish are freshwater rhipidistian fish belonging to the order Dipnoi. Lungfish are best known for retaining primitive characteristics within the Osteichthyes, including the ability to breathe air, and primitive structures within Sarcopterygii, including the presence of lobed fins with a well-developed internal skeleton. Lungfish represent the closest living relatives of the tetrapods.
The superorder Peracarida is a large group of malacostracan crustaceans, having members in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. They are chiefly defined by the presence of a brood pouch, or marsupium, formed from thin flattened plates (oostegites) borne on the basalmost segments of the legs. Peracarida is one of the largest crustacean taxa and includes about 12,000 species. Most members are less than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, but the largest is probably the giant isopod which can reach 76 cm (30 in).
Carl Wilhelm Erich Zimmer was a German zoologist specialising in crustaceans, especially the order Cumacea.
Gill slits are individual openings to gills, i.e., multiple gill arches, which lack a single outer cover. Such gills are characteristic of cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays, as well as deep-branching vertebrates such as lampreys. In contrast, bony fishes have a single outer bony gill covering called an operculum.
Cumacea is an order of small marine crustaceans of the superorder Peracarida, occasionally called hooded shrimp or comma shrimp. Their unique appearance and uniform body plan makes them easy to distinguish from other crustaceans. They live in soft-bottoms such as mud and sand, mostly in the marine environment. There are more than 1,500 species of cumaceans formally described. The species diversity of Cumacea increases with depth.
Diastylidae is one of the eight most commonly recognised families of crustaceans of the order Cumacea. They are marine creatures especially common around the 30th parallel north.
Bodotriidae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the order Cumacea. Bodotriids have a worldwide distribution in shallow and deep waters. There are over 380 described species in over 30 genera, being the most diverse cumacean family. Their external morphology differs from other cumaceans by a combination of traits that independently are not unique to the family: the telson is fused to the last abdominal segment, the dorsal part of the mandible has a boat shape (naviculoid), exopods exist on the third maxilliped and the first peraeopod, and there is a uropodal endopod with one or two articles.
Pseudocumatidae is a family of crustaceans of the order Cumacea. Its members have a small, free telson. The uropods bear endopods on one segment. The males have two pairs of rather rudimentary pleopods and the flagella of the second antenna reach far beyond the pereon. In females the second antenna is much smaller than the first antenna.
Gynodiastylidae is one of the eight most commonly recognised families of crustaceans of the order Cumacea. They are especially prevalent in the southern hemisphere, with some types described from Japan, Thailand and the Persian Gulf. Most are found at less than 100 metres (330 ft) depth.
Lampropidae is a family of cold-water crustaceans belonging to the order Cumacea. Members of Lampropidae are relatively easily recognised because they all at have at least three terminal setae on the telson. The telson is medium to large and not fused with the last segment of the pleon. The endopods of the uropods are present on all three members. In the males the flagellum of the second antenna reaches beyond the carapace; moreover, they possess pleopods. In the females the second antenna is somewhat shorter than the first. There are exopods on the third maxilliped and strongly reduced or absent on the third pereopods.
Leuconidae is a family of marine hooded shrimp. The family was established by Georg Ossian Sars in his 1878 study of Mediterranean cumaceans.
Nannastacidae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the order Cumacea. They have no free telson. The endopods of the uropods are present on one segment. There are exopods on the maxillipeds and generally one on pereopods 1–4 in males and 1–2 in females. In the females the second antenna is much shorter than the first. It contains the following genera:
Bodotria scorpioides is a species of crustacean belonging to the order Cumacea. They are found in the East Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. B. scorpioides does not possess a free telson. The first thoracic somite is too short to be seen from above, the second is longer. Both males and females have exopods on the first pereopods only.
Diastylis laevis is a species of crustacean belonging to the order Cumacea and the genus Diastylis. It occurs from Skagerrak to the Côte d'Ivoire, but not in the Mediterranean Sea. It grows up to 11 millimetres (0.43 in) long.
Chalarostylis is a genus of cumacean crustaceans in the Lampropidae family, containing two species, including the one formerly placed in Dasylamprops, which is now considered a synonym of Chalarostylis.
Cyclaspis elegans is a species of small marine crustacean (cumacean) in the genus Cyclaspis that lives in Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand.
Phylogeny of Malacostraca is the evolutionary relationships of the largest of the six classes of crustaceans, containing about 40,000 living species, divided among 16 orders. Its members display a great diversity of body forms. Although the class Malacostraca is united by a number of well-defined and documented features, which were recognised a century ago by William Thomas Calman in 1904, the phylogenetic relationship of the orders which compose this class is unclear due to the vast diversity present in their morphology. Molecular studies have attempted to infer the phylogeny of this clade, resulting in phylogenies which have a limited amount of morphological support. To resolve a well-supported eumalacostracan phylogeny and obtain a robust tree, it will be necessary to look beyond the most commonly utilized sources of data.
Mihai Băcescu was a Romanian zoologist.
Lieutenant General Inderjit Singh Gill, PVSM, MC was a general officer in the Indian Army. He was the officiating Director of Military Operations (DMO) of the Indian Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War. He retired in 1979 after serving as the Western Army Commander.
The clade Multicrustacea constitutes the largest superclass of crustaceans, containing approximately four-fifths of all described crustacean species, including crabs, lobsters, shrimps, woodlice, prawns, krill, barnacles, crayfish, copepods, amphipods and others. The largest branch of multicrustacea is the class Malacostraca.
References
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- ↑ W. T. Calman (1905). "The Cumacea of the Siboga Expedition". Uitkomsten op Zoologisch, Botanisch, Oceanographisch en Geologisch Gebied. 36: 1–23.
- ↑ WoRMS (2010). Watling L, Gerken S (eds.). "Ceratocumatidae". World Cumacea database. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved November 29, 2011.
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