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APL is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, spreadsheets, functional programming, and computer math packages. It has also inspired several other programming languages.
A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs are repeated, typically 5–50 times. Microsatellites occur at thousands of locations within an organism's genome. They have a higher mutation rate than other areas of DNA leading to high genetic diversity. Microsatellites are often referred to as short tandem repeats (STRs) by forensic geneticists and in genetic genealogy, or as simple sequence repeats (SSRs) by plant geneticists.
DNA profiling is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding.
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography.
Kenneth Eugene Iverson was a Canadian computer scientist noted for the development of the programming language APL. He was honored with the Turing Award in 1979 "for his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL; for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice".
A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.
Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be used by family historians in the 21st century, as DNA tests became affordable. The tests have been promoted by amateur groups, such as surname study groups or regional genealogical groups, as well as research projects such as the Genographic Project.
A DNA segment is identical by state (IBS) in two or more individuals if they have identical nucleotide sequences in this segment. An IBS segment is identical by descent (IBD) in two or more individuals if they have inherited it from a common ancestor without recombination, that is, the segment has the same ancestral origin in these individuals. DNA segments that are IBD are IBS per definition, but segments that are not IBD can still be IBS due to the same mutations in different individuals or recombinations that do not alter the segment.
A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based genetic test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or to estimate the ethnic mixture of an individual. Since different testing companies use different ethnic reference groups and different matching algorithms, ethnicity estimates for an individual vary between tests, sometimes dramatically.
Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The unique-event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single-nucleotide polymorphism known as M184.
Haplotype convergence is the unrelated appearance of identical haplotypes in separate populations, through either convergent evolution or random chance.
The genetic history of the Middle East is the subject of research within the fields of human population genomics, archaeogenetics and Middle Eastern studies. Researchers use Y-DNA, mtDNA, and other autosomal DNAs to identify the genetic history of ancient and modern populations of Egypt, Persia, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Arabia, the Levant, and other areas.
Listed here are the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in various ethnic groups and populations from North Africa and the Sahel (Tuaregs).
The genetic history of Egypt reflects its geographical location at the crossroads of several major biocultural areas: North Africa, the Sahara, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa.
The Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD) is an open-access, annotated collection of population samples typed for Y chromosomal sequence variants. Two important objectives are pursued: (1) the generation of reliable frequency estimates for Y-STR haplotypes and Y-SNP haplotypes to be used in the quantitative assessment of matches in forensic and kinship cases and (2) the characterization of male lineages to draw conclusions about the origins and history of human populations. The database is endorsed by the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG). By May 2023 about 350.000 Y chromosomes typed for 9-29 STR loci have been directly submitted by worldwide forensic institutions and universities. In geographic terms, about 53% of the YHRD samples stem from Asia, 21% from Europe, 12% from North America, 10% from Latin America, 3% from Africa, 0.8% from Oceania/Australia and 0.2% from the Arctic. The 1.406 individual sampling projects are described in more than 780 peer-reviewed publications
DNA phenotyping is the process of predicting an organism's phenotype using only genetic information collected from genotyping or DNA sequencing. This term, also known as molecular photofitting, is primarily used to refer to the prediction of a person's physical appearance and/or biogeographic ancestry for forensic purposes.
Haplogroup T-L206, also known as haplogroup T1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The SNP that defines the T1 clade is L206. The haplogroup is one of two primary branches of T (T-M184), the other subclade being T2 (T-PH110).
As with all modern European nations, a large degree of 'biological continuity' exists between Bosnians and Bosniaks and their ancient predecessors with Y chromosomal lineages testifying to predominantly Paleolithic European ancestry. Studies based on bi-allelic markers of the NRY have shown the three main ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina to share, in spite of some quantitative differences, a large fraction of the same ancient gene pool distinct for the region. Analysis of autosomal STRs have moreover revealed no significant difference between the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighbouring populations.
Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and at low frequencies in the Middle East. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. E-M2 is especially common among indigenous Africans who speak Niger-Congo languages, and was spread to Southern Africa and East Africa through the Bantu expansion.
References
- 1 2 Brenner, Charles Hallam (1984). Asymptotics of Partition Functions (Ph.D. thesis). UCLA.
- ↑ Brenner, Charles H. (November 1986). "Asymptotic Analogs of the Rogers-Ramanujan Identities in Number Theory". Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A. 43 (2): 303–319. doi: 10.1016/0097-3165(86)90069-5 .
- ↑ Breed, Lawrence M. (August 2006). "How We Got To APL\1130". Vector, Journal of the British APL Association. 22 (3). Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ↑ McDonnell, Eugene E. (September 2000). "DNA Analysis in APL". Vector, Journal of the British APL Association. 17 (3). Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- 1 2 Dreifus, Claudia (8 August 2000). "A Math Sleuth Whose Secret Weapon Is Statistics". New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ↑ Brenner, Charles H. (January 2014). "Understanding Y Haplotype Matching Probability" (PDF). Forensic Science International: Genetics. 8 (1): 233–243. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.10.007. PMID 24315614. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ↑ Brenner, Charles H. (February 1997). "Symbolic Kinship Program" (PDF). Genetics. 145 (2): 535–42. doi:10.1093/genetics/145.2.535. PMC 1207816 . PMID 9071605 . Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ↑ Smith, Matt (6 March 2002). "Truth Over Death". SF Weekly. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ↑ Whitfield, John (23 April 2003). "World Trade Centre Forensics Break New Ground". Nature. doi:10.1038/news030421-2 . Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ↑ Smith, Matt (5 April 2000). "Ca$h for Genes". SF Weekly. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ↑ Brenner, Charles H., Bridge Player 1968-1973 London, archived from the original on 15 March 2016, retrieved 6 April 2016
- ↑ Brenner, Charles H. (3 February 1999), The Realm of Mathematics, archived from the original on 15 March 2016, retrieved 6 April 2016
