Charles Robinson Rockwood

Last updated
Charles Robinson Rockwood
CharlesRockwood.jpg
Charles Robinson Rockwood [images 1]
Born(1860-05-14)May 14, 1860
Flint, Michigan, US
DiedMarch 3, 1922(1922-03-03) (aged 61)
Los Angeles, California, US
Alma mater University of Michigan
Occupation(s) Civil engineering and surveying
Employer(s) United States Geological Survey, California Development Company, Southern Pacific Railroad, Imperial Irrigation District
Known forFlooding of the Salton Sink and creation of the Salton Sea
Notable work Alamo Canal
Political partyRepublican
Spouses
  • Katherine Davenport
    ​
    (divorced)​
  • Mildred Cassin
    ​
    (m. 1906)​
Children1

Charles Robinson Rockwood (May 14, 1860 - March 3, 1922) was a United States (U.S.) civil engineer, and entrepreneur. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] His career was in various states of the United States, particularly in the state of California. His most significant achievement was managing the construction of a canal system that transformed the Colorado Desert (in southern California into a verdant agricultural development known as the Imperial Valley. [2] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] He is also infamous for directing modifications to that same canal system which led to the accidental creation of the Salton Sea in southern California. [1] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]

Contents

Early life

Charles R. Rockwood grew up in the U.S., working on his parents' farm, near Flint, Michigan. Both parents were of Puritan descent. His mother was a direct descendant of John Robinson, one of the organizers of the Mayflower expedition which established the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts prior to the founding of the U.S. [4] [21] [6]

From a very young age, Rockwood desired a good education. In 1878 he graduated at the top of his high school class. Immediately after graduation, he enrolled at the University of Michigan in an engineering program. Unfortunately, problems with his vision forced him to drop out. He intended to return to school and complete his degree but never did. [4] [21] [6]

Early career

After departing the university he began working as a surveyor in various U.S. states, starting in Denver for the Rio Grande Railway in the state of Colorado. [4] Over the course of the next few years he worked for several railroad companies in the capacity of a civil engineer. In 1889 he returned to survey work as an employee of the United States Geological Survey. A year later he became the chief engineer of an irrigation project in the state of Washington. In 1892 he quit the position and moved to California. There he did survey work in Sonora, California and the state's Colorado Desert, confirming the potential of irrigating those lands for farming. [4] [22] [6]

A favorable report from Rockwood on irrigating the Colorado Desert prompted his employer to create a subsidiary company named the Colorado River Irrigation Company. This company was tasked with creating a canal system that could deliver water from the Colorado River into the Colorado Desert for agricultural use. Because of the financial panic of 1893, the company failed before canal construction began. [3] [23] [24] [25] [26]

California Development Company and the Alamo Canal

In 1895 Rockwood began promoting the irrigation project himself, eventually forming the California Development Company (CDC). It took several more years of effort to raise funding for the project. In March 1900, George Chaffey, known for several other successful irrigation projects, joined the CDC as an investor and engineer. Under Mr. Chaffey's direction, construction began on the first section of what would be known as the Alamo Canal (also known as the Imperial Canal) during December 1900. The canal was designed to bring water from the Colorado River to the soon to be named Imperial Valley for agricultural irrigation. [2] [3] [27] [28] [29] [30] [26] [6]

Connection with the Salton Sea

Map showing location of various channels (headings) in 1904. MapOfVariousHeadings.jpg
Map showing location of various channels (headings) in 1904.

During the first couple years of operation, silt deposits built up in the upper section of the Alamo Canal reducing the amount of water it could deliver to the Imperial Valley. The lack of water caused great discontent among farmers and did significant harm to the ever expanding agriculture endeavors in the valley. In order to maintain adequate water supplies for farming, Rockwood was forced to dig additional channels to increase the water flow. [1] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]

In September 1904 Rockwood directed his engineers and workers to dig the largest of these new channels, bypassing the silt clogged section of the canal. The new channel was built without control infrastructure to manage the water flow because of delays in getting permits. The new channel solved the water flow problem, making water plentiful for all of the farms in the Imperial Valley. It also created a new problem. Since there was no method to control water flow, oftentimes the amount of water delivered to the Imperial Valley was far in excess of what could be used by farmers. The unused water was allowed to flow into the Salton Sink. This marked the birth of the modern Salton Sea. [1] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]

The first few months of 1905 saw several large floods from the Colorado River deepen and widen the bypass channel. Initially, Rockwood was not worried about the increased water supply and saw no need to stem the flow. Later that year fall and winter flooding of the river made the opening of the channel even wider. This caused the river to shift its course. Instead of following its usual course to the Gulf of California, the entire volume of the Colorado River flowed into the canal system and onto the Imperial Valley and Salton Sink. For almost two years the river ran unchecked into the Salton Sink, creating the Salton Sea. Many attempts were made to stop the flooding, but they all failed. Finally in early 1907, with help from Edward H. Harriman of the Southern Pacific Railroad, the uncontrolled flooding was stopped. [1] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]

Later career

In April 1906 Rockwood resigned his position as assistant manager at the CDC and became a consulting engineer for the same company. Later that year, just before the flooding of the Salton Sink was halted, he severed his ties with the CDC and moved within California to Los Angeles. From 1906 to 1909 he worked with several different companies on various development projects in the Imperial Valley. During this time he also attempted to win compensation for assets of the CDC that the Southern Pacific Railroad had taken control of. He was not successful in his endeavors against the railroad. After 1909 Rockwood relocated to the Santa Maria Valley and oversaw the construction of several railways. In November 1914 he returned to the Imperial Valley and served as the chief engineer and general manager of the newly formed Imperial Irrigation District until 1919. [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]

Achievements, recognition, and criticisms

Rockwood has been referred to as the father of the Imperial Valley. [49] The efforts he made in creating a canal system to bring water to the Colorado Desert turned the region into productive farmland. [50] His name is ensconced on streets, parks, structures, and other locations around the Salton Sea and Imperial Valley in recognition of his contributions. [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56]

Several history books blame Rockwood for the flooding that occurred in the Salton Sink from 1905 to 1907. Some authors even go so far as to declare his actions criminal. [57] While his actions did lead to the accidental flooding of the Salton Sink and creation of the Salton Sea, he made those decisions to preserve the existence of the farms in the Imperial Valley. His efforts to save the valley from drought would never have been necessary if the man in charge of construction for the Alamo Canal, George Chaffey, had followed the original plans. Chaffey changed the route of the canal, modified its design, and improperly constructed a headgate at Pilot Knob, California. If not for all of the mistakes made by Chaffey, Rockwood would never have been forced to dig the channel that led to the flooding and creation of the Salton Sea. [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63]

Reality of the flooding in the Salton Sink and Imperial Valley

An aerial view of the Salton Sea and surrounding regions. The red outline indicates the approximate size the sea would have reached if the Colorado River had been allowed to completely fill it. ColoradoDesertRegionOfCA.jpg
An aerial view of the Salton Sea and surrounding regions. The red outline indicates the approximate size the sea would have reached if the Colorado River had been allowed to completely fill it.

During the flooding of the Salton Sea many newspapers focused on the threat it represented to the Imperial Valley. Many stories that were published exaggerated the extent of the flood danger. [64] Charts that tracked the rising level of the sea were included with these stories, furthering the narrative that farms were in danger of being flooded. [65] These stories were false. It can be considered understandable at the time, given they did not have historical perspective. [6] [66] While certain businesses like the New Liverpool Salt works and Southern Pacific Railroad suffered damages resulting from the flooding, the vast majority farms that existed at the time were not in any imminent danger. [67] [68] [69] [70] [71]

Based on the volume of the Salton Sink, in California's Coachella Valley and Imperial Valley it would take approximately 700 cubic miles of water to fill the entire basin up to sea level. Given the average flow volume of the Colorado River is about 14 cubic miles per year, it would take a long time to completely flood. When absorption and evaporation are accounted for, it would require almost a century to completely flood the region. Unknown at the time, the construction of Boulder Dam (later renamed Hoover Dam) would have arrested the flow of the river long before any flood waters reached the majority of farms that existed at that time. [67] [72]

Personal life and death

Rockwood was married twice. His first wife was Katherine Davenport of Vacaville, California. They had one daughter, Estelle, who was born in 1888. His second marriage was to Mildred Cassin of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. He died on March 3, 1922, at his home in Los Angeles at age 62. [6] [66]

See also

Sources

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperial County, California</span> County in California, United States

Imperial County is a county located on the southeast border of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 179,702, making it the least populous county in Southern California. The county seat and largest city is El Centro. Imperial is the most recent California county to be established, as it was created in 1907 out of portions of San Diego County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salton Sea</span> Shallow saline lake in southern California

The Salton Sea is a shallow, landlocked, highly saline body of water in Riverside and Imperial counties at the southern end of the U.S. state of California. It lies on the San Andreas Fault within the Salton Trough, which stretches to the Gulf of California in Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperial Valley</span> Valley in California, United States

The Imperial Valley of Southern California lies in Imperial and Riverside counties, with an urban area centered on the city of El Centro. The Valley is bordered by the Colorado River to the east and, in part, the Salton Sea to the west. Farther west lies the San Diego and Imperial County border. To the north is the Coachella Valley region of Riverside County, which together with Imperial Valley form the Salton Trough, or the Cahuilla Basin, also the county line of Imperial and Riverside counties, and to the south the international boundary with Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Low Desert</span> Informal term for certain areas in California, US

The Low Desert is a common name for any desert in California that is under 2,000 feet in altitude. These areas include, but are not exclusive to, the Colorado Desert and Yuha Desert, in the Southern California portion of the Sonoran Desert. These areas are distinguished in biogeography from the adjacent northern High Desert or Mojave Desert by latitude, elevation, animal life, climate, and native plant communities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colorado Desert</span> Subdivision of the larger Sonoran Desert, California

California's Colorado Desert is a part of the larger Sonoran Desert. It encompasses approximately 7 million acres, including the heavily irrigated Coachella and Imperial valleys. It is home to many unique flora and fauna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">All-American Canal</span> Aqueduct in southern California

The All-American Canal is an 82-mile (132 km) long aqueduct, located in southeastern California. It conveys water from the Colorado River into the Yuma Project, the Imperial Valley, and to nine cities. It is the Imperial Valley's only water source, and replaced the Alamo Canal, which was located mostly in Mexico. The Imperial Dam, about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Yuma, Arizona on the Colorado River, diverts water into the All-American Canal, which runs to just west of Calexico, California before its last branch heads mostly north into the Imperial Valley. Smaller canals branching off the All-American Canal move water into the Yuma Valley and the Imperial Valley. These canal systems irrigate up to 630,000 acres (250,000 ha) of crop land and have made possible a greatly increased crop yield in this area, originally one of the driest on earth. It is the largest irrigation canal in the world, carrying a maximum of 26,155 cubic feet per second (740.6 m3/s). Agricultural runoff from the All-American Canal drains into the Salton Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salton Sink</span> Geographic sink in California

The Salton Sink is the low point of an endorheic basin, a closed drainage system with no outflows to other bodies of water, in the Colorado Desert sub-region of the Sonoran Desert. The sink falls within the larger Salton Trough and separates the Coachella Valley from the Imperial Valley, which are also segments of the Salton Trough. The lowest point of the sink is 269 ft (82 m) below sea level, and since 1906 the 343 square miles (890 km2) Salton Sea has filled the lowest portion of the sink to a water depth of up to 43 ft (13 m).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alamo River</span> River in Mexico, United States

The Alamo River flows west and north from the Mexicali Valley across the Imperial Valley (California). The 52-mile-long (84 km) river drains into the Salton Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New River (Mexico–United States)</span> River that flows from Mexico into the United States

The New River flows north from near Cerro Prieto, through the city of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, into the United States through the city of Calexico, California, towards the Salton Sea. The river channel has existed since pre-historic times. The river as known today formed from a levee failure and massive flooding that filled the Salton Sea.

The California Development Company was formed in 1896 as a replacement for the defunct Colorado River Irrigation Company, which had been started a few years earlier for the purpose of planning an irrigation system for the lower Colorado Desert in California. The rich, silty soil of the area was found to be suitable for agriculture, but wells tapping groundwater brought up an inadequate supply of water for such a hot, arid region. The California Development Company took over the project of diverting Colorado River water into the Coachella and Imperial Valleys in the Salton Sink, a dry lake bed which today contains the Salton Sea, hoping to turn the desert green with agricultural fields. The first canals were being constructed by 1900 under the guidance of chief engineer George Chaffey.

The Imperial Irrigation District (IID) is an irrigation district that serves the Imperial Valley in Southern California. Established under the State Water Code, the IID supplies roughly 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) of Imperial Valley farmland with raw Colorado River water to support irrigation. In addition to providing irrigation, IID also supplies electrical energy to the valley.

The Imperial Land Company was a land colonization company incorporated in California in March, 1900 for the purpose of encouraging settlement of the Imperial Valley thus providing customers for the California Development Company. Imperial Land was formed by George Chaffey and several other individuals associated with the California Development Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harry Thomas Cory</span> American engineer and professor

Harry Thomas Cory was an American engineer and professor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge</span> Protected area in Imperial Valley, California

The Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge is located in the Imperial Valley of California, 40 miles (64 km) north of the Mexican border. Situated at the southern end of the Salton Sea, the refuge protects one of the most important nesting sites and stopovers along the Pacific Flyway. Despite its location in the Colorado Desert, a subdivision of the larger Sonoran Desert, the refuge contains marine, freshwater, wetland, and agricultural habitats which provide sanctuary for hundreds of birds and wetland species, including several that have been listed as endangered or sensitive by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">O. M. Wozencraft</span> American physician

Oliver M. Wozencraft was a prominent early American settler in California. He had substantial involvement in negotiating treaties between California Native American Indian tribes and the United States of America. Later, Wozencraft promoted a plan to provide irrigation to the Imperial Valley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alamo Canal</span>

The Alamo Canal was a 14 mi (23 km) long waterway that connected the Colorado River to the head of the Alamo River. The canal was constructed to provide irrigation to the Imperial Valley. A small portion of the canal was located in the United States but the majority of the canal was located in Mexico. The Alamo Canal is also known as the Imperial Canal.

The Colorado River Irrigation Company was incorporated in Colorado on January 7, 1892 for the purpose of irrigating "lands contiguous to the Colorado River." The company founders claimed to be able to irrigate 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2), with 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2) of that being in San Diego County, California and the remainder in Baja California, Mexico. They projected that the canal would be completed within two years. The Colorado River was described as an "inexhaustible source."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salton Trough</span>

The Salton Trough is an active tectonic pull-apart basin, or graben. It lies within the Imperial, Riverside, and San Diego counties of southeastern California and extends south of the Mexico–United States border into the state of Baja California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eduardo Garcia (politician)</span> American politician

Eduardo Garcia is an American politician who represents the 56th Assembly District, which includes cities and unincorporated communities in eastern Riverside County and Imperial County, including Blythe, California, Brawley, California, Bermuda Dunes, Calexico, California, Calipatria, Cathedral City, California, Coachella, California, Desert Hot Springs, El Centro, Heber, Holtville, Imperial, Indio, California, Mecca, California, Oasis, North Shore, California, Salton City, California, Thermal, California, Thousand Palms, and Westmorland, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Cahuilla</span> Prehistoric lake in the Salton Sea basin of California

Lake Cahuilla was a prehistoric lake in California and northern Mexico. Located in the Coachella and Imperial valleys, it covered surface areas of 5,700 km2 (2,200 sq mi) to a height of 12 m (39 ft) above sea level during the Holocene. During earlier stages of the Pleistocene, the lake reached even higher elevations, up to 31–52 m (102–171 ft) above sea level. During the Holocene most of the water came from the Colorado River with little contribution from local runoff; in the Pleistocene local runoff was higher and it is possible that Lake Cahuilla was supported solely from local water sources during the Wisconsin glaciation. The lake overflowed close to Cerro Prieto into the Rio Hardy, eventually draining into the Gulf of California.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Harriman, David (2018-03-01). "Flood Timeline". Life of the Salton Sea. Astounding Publications. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  2. 1 2 3 Harriman, David (2018-03-01). "Early History". Life of the Salton Sea. Astounding Publications. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  3. 1 2 3 Rockwood, Charles (1907). Statement of C. R. Rockwood in the Matter of the Liability of the California Development Company for the Flooding of Salton Basin. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. p. 37. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  39 . Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  5. ↑ Kennan, George (1917). The Salton Sea - An Account of Harriman's Fight with the Colorado River. New York City, US: The MacMillan Company. p. 427. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tout, Otis (1931). The First Thirty Years 1901-1931 - History of Imperial Valley Southern California, U.S.A. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. p. 28. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  7. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1907). Statement of C. R. Rockwood in the Matter of the Liability of the California Development Company for the Flooding of Salton Basin. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. pp. 37–39. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  8. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1909). Born of the Desert from The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. pp. 11, 18. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  9. ↑ Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 56, 100. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  10. ↑ Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. pp. 1233, 1246. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  11. ↑ Kennan, George (1917). The Salton Sea - An Account of Harriman's Fight with the Colorado River. New York City, US: The MacMillan Company. pp.  19–20, 28, 30. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  12. ↑ Farr, Finnis (1918). The History of Imperial County California. Berkeley, California, US: Elms and Franks. pp.  4, 5, 39. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  13. ↑ Tout, Otis (1931). The First Thirty Years 1901-1931 - History of Imperial Valley Southern California, U.S.A. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. pp. 27, 28. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  14. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1907). Statement of C. R. Rockwood in the Matter of the Liability of the California Development Company for the Flooding of Salton Basin. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. pp. 18–27, 29–36, 40. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  15. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1909). Born of the Desert from The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. pp. 18, 20, 23–24, 25, 28. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  16. ↑ Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  101, 105, 106–126. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  17. ↑ Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. pp. 1290, 1292, 1294, 1318, 1324, 1412–1413. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  18. ↑ Kennan, George (1917). The Salton Sea - An Account of Harriman's Fight with the Colorado River. New York City, US: The MacMillan Company. pp.  34–35, 41. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  19. ↑ Farr, Finnis (1918). The History of Imperial County California. Berkeley, California, US: Elms and Franks. pp.  37, 38. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  20. ↑ Tout, Otis (1931). The First Thirty Years 1901-1931 - History of Imperial Valley Southern California, U.S.A. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. pp. 49, 60, 71, 98–99. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  21. 1 2 Farr, Finnis (1918). The History of Imperial County California. Berkeley, California, US: Elms and Franks. p.  311 . Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  22. ↑ Farr, Finnis (1918). The History of Imperial County California. Berkeley, California, US: Elms and Franks. pp.  311, 312. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  23. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1909). Born of the Desert from The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. pp. 11, 12. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  24. ↑ Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  41–42. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  25. ↑ Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. pp. 1231–1233. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  26. 1 2 Farr, Finnis (1918). The History of Imperial County California. Berkeley, California, US: Elms and Franks. p.  312 . Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  27. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1909). Born of the Desert from The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. pp. 14, 15. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  28. ↑ Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  47–51. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  29. ↑ Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. p. 1233. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  30. ↑ Kennan, George (1917). The Salton Sea - An Account of Harriman's Fight with the Colorado River. New York City, US: The MacMillan Company. pp.  20–21. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  31. 1 2 Rockwood, Charles (1907). Statement of C. R. Rockwood in the Matter of the Liability of the California Development Company for the Flooding of Salton Basin. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. pp. 40–42. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  32. 1 2 Rockwood, Charles (1909). Born of the Desert from The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. pp. 21, 22, 23. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  33. 1 2 Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  98–101. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  34. 1 2 Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. pp. 1277–1278, 1285, 1288. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  35. 1 2 Kennan, George (1917). The Salton Sea - An Account of Harriman's Fight with the Colorado River. New York City, US: The MacMillan Company. pp.  31–35. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  36. 1 2 Tout, Otis (1931). The First Thirty Years 1901-1931 - History of Imperial Valley Southern California, U.S.A. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. pp. 98–99. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  37. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1907). Statement of C. R. Rockwood in the Matter of the Liability of the California Development Company for the Flooding of Salton Basin. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. pp. 19–27. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  38. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1909). Born of the Desert from The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. pp. 23–28. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  39. ↑ Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  101–126. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  40. ↑ Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. pp. 1288–1289, 1290–1350. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  41. ↑ Kennan, George (1917). The Salton Sea - An Account of Harriman's Fight with the Colorado River. New York City, US: The MacMillan Company. pp.  38–93. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  42. ↑ Farr, Finnis (1918). The History of Imperial County California. Berkeley, California, US: Elms and Franks. pp.  13–14. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  43. ↑ Tout, Otis (1931). The First Thirty Years 1901-1931 - History of Imperial Valley Southern California, U.S.A. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. pp. 99–109. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  44. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1909). Born of the Desert from The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. p. 27. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  45. ↑ Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. p.  108 . Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  46. ↑ Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. pp. 1378, 1575. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  47. ↑ Tout, Otis (1931). The First Thirty Years 1901-1931 - History of Imperial Valley Southern California, U.S.A. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. p. 122. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  48. ↑ Farr, Finnis (1918). The History of Imperial County California. Berkeley, California, US: Elms and Franks. p.  313 . Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  49. ↑ Tout, Otis (1909). The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition 1909. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. p. 11. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  50. ↑ Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  39–45. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  51. ↑ IID (1907). A Century of Service. Imperial, California, US: The Donning Company Publishers. pp. 36, 42, 48. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  52. ↑ Dowd, M.J. (1956). IID: The First Forty Years - History of Imperial Irrigation District and the Development of Imperial Valley. Imperial, California, US: Imperial Irrigation District. pp. 58–62. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  53. ↑ USGS, USGS. "Feature Detail Report for: Rockwood, California, US". USGS. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  54. ↑ Tout, Otis (1931). The First Thirty Years 1901-1931 - History of Imperial Valley Southern California, U.S.A. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. p. 136. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  55. ↑ Calexico Recreation Department (2018-03-01). "Rockwood Plaza". Calexico Recreation Department. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  56. ↑ Google (2018-03-01). "RockwoodAve". Google Maps. Retrieved 2019-03-01.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  57. ↑ Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. p. 1290. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  58. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1907). Statement of C. R. Rockwood in the Matter of the Liability of the California Development Company for the Flooding of Salton Basin. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. pp. 39–40. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  59. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1909). Born of the Desert from The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  60. ↑ Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  96–98. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  61. ↑ Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. pp. 1246, 1247, 1276, 1525. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  62. ↑ Kennan, George (1917). The Salton Sea - An Account of Harriman's Fight with the Colorado River. New York City, US: The MacMillan Company. pp.  23–24. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  63. ↑ Farr, Finnis (1918). The History of Imperial County California. Berkeley, California, US: Elms and Franks. pp.  39–40. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  64. ↑ Theadore Roosevelt (1907-01-19). "The President's Message - Message to Congress by President Roosevelt Regarding Situation on the Lower Colorado - Imperial Valley and Its Past History Along with the Fate of Laguna Dam Stated in Concise Terms". Imperial Valley, California, US. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  65. ↑ "The Rise of the Salton Sea". Imperial Valley, California, US. 1907-02-02. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  66. 1 2 Tout, Otis (1931). The First Thirty Years 1901-1931 - History of Imperial Valley Southern California, U.S.A. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. p. 243. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  67. 1 2 Harriman, David (2018-03-01). "Life of the Salton Sea". Life of the Salton Sea. Astounding Publications. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  68. ↑ Rockwood, Charles (1909). Born of the Desert from The Calexico Chronicle - Second Annual Magazine Edition. Calexico, California, US: Calexico Chronicle. pp. 28, 29. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  69. ↑ Edgar and Hall, Howe and Wilbur (1910). The Story of the First Decade in Imperial Valley, California. Berkeley, California, US: Edgar F. Howe & Sons. pp.  132 . Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  70. ↑ Cory and Blake, Harry and William (1915). The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink. San Francisco, California, US: John J. Newbegin. pp. 20, 1263, 1293, 1315, 1320, 1345. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  71. ↑ Tout, Otis (1931). The First Thirty Years 1901-1931 - History of Imperial Valley Southern California, U.S.A. San Diego, California, US: Otis B. Tout. p. 21. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  72. ↑ Byers, Chalres (1907). The Popular Science Monthly - The Possibilities of Salton Sea. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, US: The New Era Printing Company. pp.  5–6, 9. Retrieved 2019-03-01.

Images

  1. ↑ Unknown Photographer, "Charles Robinson Rockwood". Photographic Print from The History of Imperial County California by Finnis C. Farr p. 96.5, 1918. Google Books, Charles Robinson Rockwood.
  2. ↑ Modified illustration by George Kennan, " Map showing location of various channels (headings) in 1904, based on illustration by George Kennan ". Modified Illustration from The Salton Sea - An Accounting of Harriman's Fight with the Colorado River by George Kennan p.34, 2017. Google Books, The Three Headings (or Intakes), in Spring of 1905 .
  3. ↑ Photograph by NASA from International Space Station, " Salton Sea and Southern California with Labels ". Electronic Photograph, June 21, 2013. NASA, Salton Trough .

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.