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Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war,militarism or violence. The word pacifism was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is ahimsa,which is a core philosophy in Indian religions such as Hinduism,Buddhism,and Jainism. While modern connotations are recent,having been explicated since the 19th century,ancient references abound.
The just war theory is a doctrine,also referred to as a tradition,of military ethics that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria,all of which must be met for a war to be considered just. It has been studied by military leaders,theologians,ethicists and policymakers. The criteria are split into two groups:jus ad bellum and jus in bello. The first group of criteria concerns the morality of going to war,and the second group of criteria concerns the moral conduct within war. There have been calls for the inclusion of a third category of just war theory dealing with the morality of post-war settlement and reconstruction. The just war theory postulates the belief that war,while it is terrible but less so with the right conduct,is not always the worst option. The just war theory presents a justifiable means of war with justice being an objective of armed conflict. Important responsibilities,undesirable outcomes,or preventable atrocities may justify war.
Loyalty is a devotion to a country,philosophy,group,or person. Philosophers disagree on what can be an object of loyalty,as some argue that loyalty is strictly interpersonal and only another human being can be the object of loyalty. The definition of loyalty in law and political science is the fidelity of an individual to a nation,either one's nation of birth,or one's declared home nation by oath (naturalization).
David Schmidtz is a Canadian-American philosopher. He is Presidential Chair of Moral Science at West Virginia University's Chambers College of Business and Economics. He is also editor-in-chief of the journal Social Philosophy &Policy. Previously,he was Kendrick Professor of Philosophy and Eller Chair of Service-Dominant Logic at the University of Arizona. While at Arizona,he founded and served as inaugural head of the Department of Political Economy and Moral Science.
The philosophy of war is the area of philosophy devoted to examining issues such as the causes of war,the relationship between war and human nature,and the ethics of war. Certain aspects of the philosophy of war overlap with the philosophy of history,political philosophy,international relations and the philosophy of law.
Jonathan Wolff is a British philosopher and academic. He is a Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy and Public Policy and Governing Body Fellow at Wolfson College,Oxford. He was formerly the Alfred Landecker Professor of Values and Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford and Governing Body Fellow at Wolfson College. Prior to his joining the Blavatnik School in 2016,Woolf's academic career had been spent at University College London (UCL),where he was,latterly,Professor of Philosophy and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities.
Christian ethics,also known as moral theology,is a multi-faceted ethical system. It is a virtue ethic,which focuses on building moral character,and a deontological ethic which emphasizes duty. It also incorporates natural law ethics,which is built on the belief that it is the very nature of humans –created in the image of God and capable of morality,cooperation,rationality,discernment and so on –that informs how life should be lived,and that awareness of sin does not require special revelation. Other aspects of Christian ethics,represented by movements such as the social Gospel and liberation theology,may be combined into a fourth area sometimes called prophetic ethics.
Pacificism is the general term for ethical opposition to violence or war unless force is deemed necessary. Together with pacifism,it is born from the Western tradition or attitude that calls for peace. The former involves the unconditional refusal to support violence or absolute pacifism,but pacificism views the prevention of violence as its duty but recognizes the controlled use of force to achieve such objective. According to Martin Ceadel,pacifism and pacificism are driven by a certain political position or ideology such as liberalism,socialism or feminism.
Tara A. Smith is an American philosopher. She is a professor of philosophy,the BB&T Chair for the Study of Objectivism,and the Anthem Foundation Fellow for the Study of Objectivism at the University of Texas at Austin.
Nancey Murphy is an American philosopher and theologian who is Professor of Christian Philosophy at Fuller Theological Seminary,Pasadena,CA. She received the B.A. from Creighton University in 1973,the Ph.D. from University of California,Berkeley in 1980,and the Th.D. from the Graduate Theological Union (theology) in 1987.
Carl Cohen was an American philosopher. He was Professor of Philosophy at the Residential College of the University of Michigan,in Ann Arbor,Michigan,U.S.
Robert L. Holmes is a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Rochester,and an expert on issues of peace and nonviolence. Holmes specializes in ethics,and in social and political philosophy. He has written numerous articles and several books on those topics,and has been invited to address national and international conferences.
Robert F. Almeder is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Georgia State University. He is known in particular for his work on the philosophy of science,and has also written on the philosophy of mind,epistemology and ethics. He is the author of 24 books,including The Philosophy of Charles S. Peirce (1980),Death and Personal Survival (1992),Harmless Naturalism:The Limits of Science and the Nature of Philosophy (1998),Human Happiness and Morality (2000),and Truth and Skepticism (2010).
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Hilde Lindemann is an American philosophy professor and bioethicist and emerita professor at Michigan State University. Lindemann earned her B.A. in German language and literature in 1969 at the University of Georgia. Lindemann also earned her M.A. in theatre history and dramatic literature,in 1972,at the University of Georgia. Lindemann began her career as a copyeditor for several universities. She then moved on to a job at the Hastings Center in New York City,an institute focused on bioethics research,and co-authored book The Patient in the Family, with James Lindemann Nelson,before deciding to earn a Ph.D. in philosophy at Fordham University in 2000. Previously,she taught at the University of Tennessee and Vassar College and served as the associate editor of the Hastings Center Report (1990–95). Lindemann usually teaches courses on feminist philosophy,identity and agency,naturalized bioethics,and narrative approaches to bioethics at Michigan State University.
Emmanuel Roberto Goffi is a French philosopher of technologies and,more specifically,an artificial intelligence ethicist. He has served in the French Air Force for 27 years. He is the co-founder and co-director of the Global AI Ethics Institute in Paris. He is also an instructor and research associate with the Frankfurt Big Data Lab at the Goethe University Frankfurt in Germany and a research fellow with the Centre for Defence and Security Studies at the University of Manitoba,Winnipeg,Manitoba in Canada. After having worked on military ethics,and more precisely on ethics applied to Lethal autonomous weapon,his focus has turned to ethics applied to Artificial intelligence.
Corporate warfare is a form of information warfare in which attacks on companies by other companies take place. Such warfare may be part of economic warfare and cyberwarfare;but can involve espionage,'dirty' PR tactics,or physical theft. The intention is largely to destabilise or sink the value of the opposing company for financial gain,or to steal trade secrets from them.
Peter A. French is an American philosopher and writer. He is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Arizona State University where he taught from 2000 until 2016. He previously was a professor at Northern Arizona University,University of Minnesota,Dalhousie University,Trinity University,and the University of South Florida.
Hugo John Robertson Slim is a British academic and policy advisor in International Relations specialising in the ethics of war and humanitarian aid.
Deen Chatterjee is an American philosopher and a faculty affiliate at Oxford Consortium for Human Rights at the Institute for Ethics,Law,and Armed Conflict at Oxford University. Previously he was a Senior Fellow in the S.J. Quinney College of Law at the University of Utah. Chatterjee is known for his works on ethics.
References
- ↑ "Cheyney Ryan". Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict.
- ↑ Skinner, Daniel (1 July 2010). "Book Review: Ryan, Cheyney C. (2009). The Chickenhawk Syndrome:War, Sacrifice and Personal Responsibility Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. pp. 217. $44.95 Hardcover. ISBN 978-0742565036". Armed Forces & Society. 36 (4): 750–752. doi:10.1177/0095327X10366103. ISSN 0095-327X.
- ↑ Vulin, Fred (17 July 2009). "Nonfiction review: 'The Chickenhawk Syndrome'". The Oregonian .
