Further reading
- M.J. Kister. "The Sons of Khadija" (PDF). Retrieved 22 February 2015.
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The common view is that the Islamic prophet Muhammad had three sons, named Abd Allah, Ibrahim, and Qasim, and four daughters, named Fatima, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Zaynab. The children of Muhammad are said to have been born to his first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, except his son Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya. None of Muhammad's sons reached adulthood, but he had an adult foster son, Zayd ibn Harithah. Daughters of Muhammad all reached adulthood but only Fatima survived her father. Citing, among others, the advanced age of Khadija, some Shia sources contend that Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad, as she is known to have enjoyed a close relationship with Muhammad, unlike Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Zaynab. That Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad appears to be the mainstream view among Shia Muslims.
In chronological order, most Sunni sources list the children of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as
The Sunni view is that they were all born to Muhammad's first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, except Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya. [2]
It is improbable that the elderly Khadija could have given birth to so many children. [2] Some Shia sources therefore contend that Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Zainab were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother Hala, who was Khadija's sister, [3] [4] or that the three were daughters of Khadija from an earlier marriage. [5] Before successively marrying the early Muslim Uthman ibn Affan, Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum were initially married to polytheists, something which Muhammad likely would have not permitted for his biological daughters, Shia authors argue. [5] They also cite the absence of historical evidence for a close relationship between Muhammad and Ruqayya, Zainab, or Umm Kulthum, unlike Fatima. [5] That Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter may indeed be the mainstream view in Shia Islam, [3] or at least in Twelver Shi'ism, the main branch of Shia Islam. [4] In particular, this belief seems to be prevalent among the Shias of South Asia. [6]
Muhammad's sons all died in childhood, [7] [8] although he also had an adult foster son, Zayd ibn Harithah. [9] [8] Some have suggested that the early deaths of his sons were detrimental to a hereditary-based system of succession to Muhammad. [8] The alternative view is that the descendants of the past prophets become the spiritual and material heirs to them in the Quran, and that the succession to the past prophets is a matter settled by divine selection in the Quran and not by the faithful. [10] [11]
Muhammad's daughters reached adulthood but they all died relatively young, [8] such that none survived him except Fatima. [2] Fatima married Muhammad's cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib. It is through her that Muhammad's progeny has spread throughout the Muslim world. [1] The descendants of Fatima are given the honorific titles sayyid (lit. 'lord, sir') or sharif (lit. 'noble'), and are respected in the Muslim community. [1] [4] [12] Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum married Uthman ibn Affan one after another, and Zainab married Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi, another companion of Muhammad. Umm Kulthum remained childless whereas Ruqayya gave birth to a boy Abd Allah, who died in childhood. [13] [14] Zaynab gave birth to a son, named Ali, who also died in childhood, and a daughter Umama, whom Ali ibn Abi Talib married sometime after the death of Fatima in 632 CE. [15] Muhammad's attitude and treatment towards his children, enshrined in the hadith literature, is viewed by Muslims as an exemplar to be imitated. [16]
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Banu Abd Shams refers to a clan within the Meccan tribe of Quraysh.
The Rashidun are the first four caliphs who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
Jannat al-Baqī is the oldest and first Islamic cemetery of Medina located in the Hejazi region of present-day Saudi Arabia. It is also known as Baqi al-Gharqad.
The Alids are those who claim descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first imam in Shia Islam. Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The main branches are the Hasanids and Husaynids, named after Hasan and Husayn, the eldest sons of Ali from his marriage to Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad. As the progeny of Muhammad, they are revered by all Muslims. The Alids have led various movements in Islam, and a line of twelve Alids are the imams in Twelver Shia, the largest Shia branch.
This is a timeline of major events in the Muslim world from 601 AD to 700 AD.
Umm Kulthūm bint ʿAlī, also known as Zaynab al-Ṣughrā, was the youngest daughter of Fatima and Ali ibn Abi Talib. The former was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the latter was his cousin. Ali is also recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia imam. A young Umm Kulthum lost her grandfather and mother in 632 CE. While she was still a child, the second Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab asked for her hand in marriage, which was resisted by Umm Kulthum and her father Ali, possibly due to Umar's reputation for harsh treatment of women. By one Sunni account, Ali finally agreed to the marriage when Umar enlisted the support of prominent Muslims for his proposal.
Zaynab bint Ali, was the eldest daughter of Fatima and Ali ibn Abi Talib. The former was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the latter was his cousin. Ali is also recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia imam. Zaynab is best known for her role in the aftermath of the Battle of Karbala, in which her brother Husayn and most of her male relatives were massacred by the forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mua'awiya. Women and children in Husayn's camp were taken captive after the battle and marched to Kufa and then the Umayyad capital Damascus, where Zaynab gave impassioned speeches, condemning Yazid and spreading the news of Karbala. She was later freed and died shortly afterward in 682, but her burial site is uncertain. The two shrines associated with Zaynab in Damascus and Cairo are destinations for Muslim pilgrimage. She is considered to be a symbol of sacrifice, strength, and piety in Islam, and a role model for Muslim women, typifying courage, leadership, and defiance against oppression.
Ruqayya bint Muhammad was the second eldest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Khadija. She married the third caliph Uthman and the couple had a 2 sons Fadl ibn Uthman Abd Allah. In 624, Ruqayya died from an illness.
Sakīna bint al-Ḥusayn, also known as Āmina, was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She was the daughter of Husayn ibn Ali, the third Shia Imam, and Rubab bint Imra al-Qais. Sakina was a young child in 680 at Karbala, where she witnessed the massacre of her father and his supporters by the forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid. The women and children, among them Sakina, were marched to the capital Damascus, where they were paraded in the streets and then imprisoned.
Umāma bint Abī al-ʿĀṣ ibn al-Rabīʿ, was a granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Khadija, via their daughter Zaynab, and is thus also known as Umāma bint Zaynab. Muhammad was her maternal grandfather, and thus she is a member of his Ahl al-Bayt. She is also numbered among the Companions of the Prophet.
The Muhajirun were the converts to Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad's advisors and relatives, who emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the event is known in Islam as the Hijra. The early Muslims from Medina are called the Ansar ("helpers").
Ruqayya bint al-Ḥusayn is said to have been a daughter of Husayn ibn Ali, the third imam in Twelver Shia. Husayn and a small group of his supporters were massacred in the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE on the order of the Umayyad caliph Yazid. Their women and children were then taken captive and marched to the capital Damascus, where it is said that Ruqayya died at the age of about three, possibly due to the hostility of her captors. The shrine associated with Ruqayya in Damascus is a popular destination for Shia pilgrimage. The child of Husayn who died shortly after Karbala is sometimes identified as Sakina.
Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya, was the father of the founder of the Marwanid line of the Umayyad dynasty, Marwan I, and a paternal uncle of Caliph Uthman. He was known as a staunch opponent of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was consequently exiled when the latter captured their hometown of Mecca in 630. He was later pardoned by Uthman.
Fatima bint Muhammad, commonly known as Fatima al-Zahra', was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija. Fatima's husband was Ali, the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam. Fatima's sons were Hasan and Husayn, the second and third Shia Imams, respectively. Fatima has been compared to Mary, mother of Jesus, especially in Shia Islam. Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of women and the dearest person to him. She is often viewed as an ultimate archetype for Muslim women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering. It is through Fatima that Muhammad's family line has survived to this date. Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls.
Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib was the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula. He being the brother of Abdullah, the father of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, was his uncle and father of Ali. After the death of his father Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, he inherited this position as tribal chieftain, and the offices of Siqaya and Rifada. He was well-respected in Mecca.
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid was the first wife and the first follower of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Khadija was the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad, a noble of the Quraysh tribe in Makkah and a successful merchant.
Umm Kulthūm bint Muḥammad was the third daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad by his first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid.
ʿAffān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ was a famous 6th-century Arab merchant, a contemporary of the young Muhammad and the father of Uthman ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph.
Marital life of Fatima portrays the marriage of Fatima, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and Muhammad's cousin, Ali. Fatima and Ali were both significant figures in early Islam: Fatima has been compared to Mary, the mother of Jesus, especially in Shia Islam. Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of women and the dearest person to him. Ali was the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam. Muhammad is widely reported to have likened Ali's position in Islam to that of Aaron in Judaism.
