| Cimbex quadrimaculatus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Cimbex quadrimaculatus. Museum specimen | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Cimbicidae |
| Genus: | Cimbex |
| Species: | C. quadrimaculatus |
| Binomial name | |
| Cimbex quadrimaculatus (O.F. Müller, 1766) | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
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Cimbex quadrimaculatus is a species of sawflies in the family Cimbicidae. [1]
Cimbex quadrimaculatus was formerly classified in the genus Palaeocimbex along with four other species and was the type species of the subgenus Deuterocimbex. Both taxa have since been synonymized under the genus Cimbex. [2]
Cimbex quadrimaculatus is a large species that can reach an adult length of about 19–21 millimetres (0.75–0.83 in). [3] The body is dark brown to black with extensive yellow markings on the pronotum and abdomen. The wings are lightly infuscate, while the antennae are predominantly orange with darker scapes. [4]
Their larvae are whitish with yellow and black markings. The average length of these larvae can reach about 20 millimetres (0.79 in), with a maximum of about 43 millimetres (1.7 in) in last instars. [5]
Cimbex quadrimaculatus is considered one of the serious pests of almonds. [6] Other notable host plants include Crataegus monogyna , Prunus cerasus , and Prunus domestica . [4]
A single generation is produced each year. Eggs are laid in the early summer. After hatching, the larvae eat from the edges of their host plants until spinning a cocoon. They then enter diapause over the winter as a pre-pupa. They pupate the following spring. [4]
Larvae and pupae of Cimbex quadrimaculatus are parasitized by three species of ichneumonid wasp: Listrognathus mactator , Opheltes glaucopterus , and Phobetes nigriceps. [5] [4]
This species is present in Europe and in the Near East. [5]
Sawflies are wasp-like insects that are in the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera, alongside ants, bees, and wasps. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. The name is associated especially with the Tenthredinoidea, by far the largest superfamily in the suborder, with about 7,000 known species; in the entire suborder, there are 8,000 described species in more than 800 genera. Symphyta is paraphyletic, consisting of several basal groups within the order Hymenoptera, each one rooted inside the previous group, ending with the Apocrita which are not sawflies.
Xiphydriidae are a family of wood wasps that includes around 150 species. They are located all over the world including North and South America, Australia, Europe, and others. Xiphydriidae larvae are wood borers in dead trees or branches of a range of trees. They are characterized as having long and skinny necks with dome-shaped heads. The oldest fossils of the group are from the mid Cretaceous.
The Orussidae or the parasitic wood wasps represent a small family of sawflies ("Symphyta"). Currently, about 93 extant and four fossil species are known. They take a key position in phylogenetic analyses of Hymenoptera, because they form the sister taxon of the megadiverse apocritan wasps, and the common ancestor of Orussidae + Apocrita evolved parasitism for the first time in course of the evolution of the Hymenoptera. They are also the only sawflies with carnivorous larvae.
The Xyelidae are a comparatively species-poor family of sawflies, comprising about 80 extant species in five genera worldwide, and is the only family in the superfamily Xyeloidea. The fossil record of the family is extensive, comprising more than 120 species and including the oldest fossil Hymenoptera species dating back to the Triassic, between 245 and 208 million years ago. Xyelidae are to be regarded as living fossils since they represent one of the oldest lineages of insects and include still extant forms.
The Tenthredinoidea are the dominant superfamily of sawflies within the Symphyta, containing some 8,400 species worldwide, primarily in the family Tenthredinidae. All known larvae are phytophagous, and a number are considered pests.
Cimbicidae is a family of sawflies in the order Hymenoptera. There are more than 20 genera and 200 described species in Cimbicidae. Larvae are solitary herbivores.
Tenthredinidae is the largest family of sawflies, with well over 7,500 species worldwide, divided into 430 genera. Larvae are herbivores and typically feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs, with occasional exceptions that are leaf miners, stem borers, or gall makers. The larvae of externally feeding species resemble small caterpillars. As with all hymenopterans, common sawflies undergo complete metamorphosis.
Allantinae is a subfamily of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, and the largest subfamily of that family, with about 110 genera. The subfamily is considered to consist of five to six tribes, and are medium to large sawflies.
Tenthredo scrophulariae, the figwort sawfly, is a species of the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Tenthredininae.
Megalodontes is a genus of sawflies within the Symphyta belonging to the family Megalodontesidae subfamily Megalodontesinae.
Abia sericea, common name club horned sawfly or scabious sawfly, is a species of sawflies belonging to the family Cimbicidae.
Arge berberidis, common name berberis sawfly, is a species of sawflies belonging to the family Argidae subfamily Arginae.
Monostegia is a genus of sawfly. The authority is based on the description by Achille Costa and Oronzio Costa, although earlier work grants this to Fabricius 1798., though the most common species, M. abdominalis, bears the authority of Fabricius.
Megalodontes cephalotes is a species of sawflies within the Symphyta belonging to the family Megalodontesidae.
Euura weiffenbachiella is a species of sawfly belonging to the family Tenthredinidae. The larvae forms galls on creeping willows. E. weiffenbachiella is one of a number of closely related species which is known as the Euura atra subgroup.
Cimbex americanus, the elm sawfly, is a species of sawfly in the family Cimbicidae. This is a very large species of Hymenoptera, with adults measuring 3 cm and larvae reaching 5 cm long. If captured, adults may buzz and use their powerful spiny legs defensively. However, like other sawflies, this species does not possess a sting. The fly Opheltes glaucopterus is a parasite of the prepupae stage of this sawfly.
Fenusa pumila, the birch leafminer, is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is found in Europe and has been introduced into North America.
Xyela is a genus of sawflies, belonging to the family Xyelidae.
Opheltes glaucopterus is a Ichneumonidae wasp that parasitizes pupae from the sawfly genus Cimbex. It has a Holarctic distribution.