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The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was a United States federal law passed by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on September 21,1996. It banned federal recognition of same-sex marriage by limiting the definition of marriage to the union of one man and one woman,and it further allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states.
Many laws in the history of the United States have addressed marriage and the rights of married people. Common themes addressed by these laws include polygamy,interracial marriage,divorce,and same-sex marriage.
Utah Constitutional Amendment 3 was an amendment to the Utah state constitution that sought to define marriage as a union exclusively between a man and woman. It passed in the November 2,2004,election,as did similar amendments in ten other states.
The Edmunds Act,also known as the Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Act of 1882,is a United States federal statute,signed into law on March 23,1882 by President Chester A. Arthur,declaring polygamy a felony in federal territories,punishable by "a fine of not more than five hundred dollars and by imprisonment for a term of not more than five years". The act is named for U.S. Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont. The Edmunds Act also prohibited "bigamous" or "unlawful cohabitation",thus removing the need to prove that actual marriages had occurred. The act not only reinforced the 1862 Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act but also made the offense of unlawful cohabitation much easier to prove than polygamy misdemeanor and made it illegal for polygamists or cohabitants to vote,hold public office,or serve on juries in federal territories.
Michael Roland Murphy is a Senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.
Polygamy is the practice of having more than one spouse at the same time. Specifically,polygyny is the practice of one man taking more than one wife while polyandry is the practice of one woman taking more than one husband. Polygamy is a common marriage pattern in some parts of the world. In North America,polygamy has not been a culturally normative or legally recognized institution since the continent's colonization by Europeans.
Possibly as early as the 1830s,followers of the Latter Day Saint movement,were practicing the doctrine of polygamy or "plural marriage". After the death of church founder Joseph Smith,the doctrine was officially announced in Utah Territory in 1852 by Mormon leader Brigham Young. The practice was attributed posthumously to Smith and it began among Mormons at large,principally in Utah where the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had relocated after the Illinois Mormon War.
Joseph Smith,the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement,privately taught and practiced polygamy. After Smith's death in 1844,the church he established splintered into several competing groups. Disagreement over Smith's doctrine of "plural marriage" has been among the primary reasons for multiple church schisms.
Dale Albert Kimball is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Utah.
Same-sex marriage has been legal in Utah since October 6,2014. On December 20,2013,the state began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples as a result of the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah's ruling in the case of Kitchen v. Herbert,which found that barring same-sex couples from marrying violates the U.S. Constitution. The issuance of those licenses was halted during the period of January 6,2014 until October 6,2014,following the resolution of a lawsuit challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. On that day,following the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to hear an appeal in a case that found Utah's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional,the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the state to recognize same-sex marriage.
Cohabitation in the United States is loosely defined as two or more people,in an intimate relationship,who live together and share a common domestic life but are neither joined by marriage nor a civil union.
Brown v. Buhman,No. 14-4117,is a legal case in the United States federal courts challenging the State of Utah's criminal polygamy law. The action was filed in 2011 by polygamist Kody Brown along with his wives Meri Brown,Janelle Brown,Christine Brown,and Robyn Sullivan. The Brown family belongs to the Apostolic United Brethren faith. They are best known for the reality television series featuring them,Sister Wives.
Robert James Shelby is an American attorney and judge serving as the chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Utah.
Samuel Alba is a former United States magistrate judge for the United States District Court for the District of Utah.
Kitchen v. Herbert,961 F.Supp.2d 1181,affirmed,755 F.3d 1193;stay granted,134 S.Ct. 893 (2014);petition for certiorari denied,No. 14-124,2014 WL 3841263,is the federal case that successfully challenged Utah's constitutional ban on marriage for same-sex couples and similar statutes. Three same-sex couples filed suit in March 2013,naming as defendants Utah Governor Gary R. Herbert,Attorney General John Swallow,and Salt Lake County Clerk Sherrie Swensen in their official capacities.
Obergefell v. Hodges,576 U.S. 644 (2015),is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States which ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. The 5–4 ruling requires all 50 states,the District of Columbia,and the Insular Areas to perform and recognize the marriages of same-sex couples on the same terms and conditions as the marriages of opposite-sex couples,with equal rights and responsibilities. Prior to Obergefell,same-sex marriage had already been established by statute,court ruling,or voter initiative in 36 states,the District of Columbia,and Guam.
Polygamy was outlawed in federal territories by the Edmunds Act,and there are laws against the practice in all 50 states,as well as the District of Columbia,Guam,and Puerto Rico. Because state laws exist,polygamy is not actively prosecuted at the federal level.
American Samoa consists of a group of two coral atolls and five volcanic islands in the South Pacific Ocean of Oceania. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1830 by British missionaries,who were followed by explorers from the United States,in 1839,and German traders in 1845. Based upon the Tripartite Convention of 1899,the United States,Great Britain,and Germany agreed to partition the islands into German Samoa and American Samoa. Though the territory was ceded to the United States in a series of transactions in 1900,1904,and 1925,Congress did not formally confirm its acquisition until 1929. American Samoans are non-citizen nationals of the United States. Non-citizen nationals do not have full protection of their rights,though they may reside in the United States and gain entry without a visa. Territorial citizens do not have the ability for full participation in national politics and American Samoans cannot serve as officers in the US military or in many federal jobs,are unable to bear arms,vote in local elections,or hold public office or civil-service positions even when residing in a US state. Nationality is the legal means in which inhabitants acquire formal membership in a nation without regard to its governance type. Citizenship is the relationship between the government and the governed,the rights and obligations that each owes the other,once one has become a member of a nation.
Diana Hagen is an American lawyer serving as a justice on the Utah Supreme Court. She served as a judge of the Utah Court of Appeals from 2017 to 2022.
References
- ↑ Senate confirms new judge for Utah, Deseret News, 9/27/2008
- ↑ Clark Waddoups at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , a publication of the Federal Judicial Center .
- ↑ "Brown v. Herbert" (PDF).
- ↑ Waddoups, Clark (December 13, 2013), Memorandum Decision And Order Granting In Part Plaintiffs' Motion For Summary Judgement, Case No. 2:11-cv-0652-CW, archived from the original on May 30, 2014, retrieved December 14, 2013
- ↑ Schwartz, John (September 14, 2013), "A Law Prohibiting Polygamy is Weakened", The New York Times , retrieved 2014-01-13
- ↑ Mears, Bill (December 14, 2013), "'Sister Wives' case: Judge strikes down part of Utah polygamy law", CNN.com, CNN, retrieved 2014-01-13
- ↑ Stack, Peggy Fletcher (December 14, 2013), "Laws on Mormon polygamists lead to win for plural marriage", The Salt Lake Tribune , retrieved 2014-01-13
- ↑ Embry, Jessie L. (1994), "Polygamy", in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.), Utah History Encyclopedia, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, ISBN 0874804256, OCLC 30473917, archived from the original on 2017-04-17, retrieved 2015-01-08
- ↑ , 5/10/2011
- ↑ Ross Sentence, 12/15/2009
- ↑ "U.S. should recognize American Samoans as citizens, judge says". NBC News. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
- ↑ Casiano, Louis (2019-12-12). "American Samoans should be recognized as US citizens, federal judge decides". Fox News. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
- ↑ "Fitisemanu v. United States, No. 20-4017 (10th Cir. 2021)". Justia Law. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
- ↑ "Three American Samoans, in ask for birthright citizenship, answer Gorsuch's call for a chance to overturn Insular Cases". SCOTUSblog. 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
