The Codex Sangallensis 250 is a manuscript which was compiled in the latter half of the 9th century at the Abbey library in St. Gallen, where it remains today. It is an astronomical and computistical, 645-page-long encyclopedia written in Latin. The pages are made of parchment with a height of 24.7 cm and a width of 18 cm. The text was structured in a single column, with approximately 23 or 24 lines per page. It was mostly written in Carolingian minuscule, though the titles were either in rustic capitals or uncial script. [1]
Both the texts and the illustrations in the codex were created by multiple scribes, as can be seen by the differing handwritings and drawing styles. [2] The manuscript was most likely compiled under the supervision of Notker Balbulus during his time as a librarian, and the margins of page 28 feature some glosses written by him. [3]
The didactic poem Phainomena ("Appearances") by the Greek poet Aratus constitutes the basis of the Codex Sangallensis 250. The original Phainomena is divided into two parts, the first of which deals with astronomical phenomena. The second part is concerned with meteorological events. The popularity of the Phainomena, particularly of its astronomical texts, led to a variety of Latin translations. One such translation was the Aratus Latinus, which was created in the early 8th century. [4]
The Recensio Interpolata , a revision of the Aratus Latinus, was produced sometime in the latter half of the 8th century. [5] The Recensio is ultimately the version of Aratus translations that the Cod. Sang. 250 would incorporate. In the Recensio, some philosophical and astrological passages were replaced with astronomical excerpts to make the text as a whole appear more coherent and intelligible. [6] However, what ultimately set the Recensio apart from other versions was the fact that illustrations were added to accompany the text. [7]
Though the Codex Sangallensis 250 was based on the Recensio Interpolata, it is not a direct copy. Rather, the Cod. Sang. 250 was based on the Codex Sangallensis 902, which is a manuscript of the Recensio that was created in St. Gallen mid-9th century. [6]
The manuscript is a collection of a variety of texts. Aside from the Recensio Interpolata, it contains three scientific works by Bede ( De natura rerum, De temporibus, und De temporum ratione ), the De Astronomica by the Roman writer Gaius Julius Hyginus, as well as the martyrology by the Benedictine monk Wandalbert. Furthermore, the manuscript contains a multitude of annals, verses, computi, und other text excerpts. [3]
The Cod. Sang. 250 does not only distinguish itself by its extensive collection of texts, but also by its numerous, detailed illustrations. They include drawings of constellations and of the astrological signs, as well as illustrations of celestial globes. Additionally, the manuscript contains a multitude of diagrams of elements such as planetary orbits or the seasons. [8]
Since some illustrations in the Codex Sangallensis 250 differ from those in the Codex Sangallensis 902, it is assumed that the scribes of the Cod. Sang. 250 consulted another source during the creation of the manuscript. [3]
Content [3] | Page numbers | Description |
---|---|---|
Cycli decemnovennales | 1–22 | 19-year cycles for calculations (Metonic cycle) |
Miscellaneous | 23–27 | Diagrams of planets, text fragments, and empty pages |
The martyrology | 28–65 | Directory of saints and their feast days |
Computus | 67–120 | Calendar and tables for time calculations |
De natura rerum | 121–145 | Deals with cosmological subjects such as celestial, as well as meteorological phenomena |
De temporibus | 146–163 | Covers definitions of temporal concepts (such as days, months etc.), explains the computus, and presents a chronicle of the world |
De temporum ratione | 164–425 | Expands on the topic of computi, with a focus on the easter cycle |
Computus rules | 426–446 | Rules for date calculations |
Recensio Interpolata | 447–522 | The Aratus Latinus and its accompanying illustrations |
Miscellaneous | 523–539 | Astronomical excerpts and 12 neumatic verses |
De Astronomica | 540–639 | Describes the Ptolemaic constellations and offers multiple conceptions of the world |
Miscellaneous | 639–645 | Paragraphs on the orbits of the sun and the moon |
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Codex Sangallensis, designated by Δ or 037, ε76, is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the four Gospels. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is usually dated to the 9th century CE, though a few palaeographers would place it in the 10th century CE. It was given its current name by biblical scholar Johann Martin Augustin Scholz in 1830.
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The Old High German Tatian is a translation of Tatian's Diatessaron from Syriac to Old High German. The translation was created in the Abbey of Fulda under Rabanus Maurus' supervision around the year 830 and has been located at the Abbey of Saint Gall since the 10th century, where it is classified as the Codex Sangallensis 56.