Complement-dependent cytotoxicity

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Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is an effector function of IgG and IgM antibodies. When they are bound to surface antigen on target cell (e.g. bacterial or viral infected cell), the classical complement pathway is triggered by bonding protein C1q to these antibodies, resulting in formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) and target cell lysis.

Contents

Complement system is efficiently activated by human IgG1, IgG3 and IgM antibodies, weakly by IgG2 antibodies and it is not activated by IgG4 antibodies. [1]

It is one mechanism of action by which therapeutic antibodies [2] or antibody fragments [3] can achieve an antitumor effect. [4] [5]

Use of CDC assays

Therapeutic antibodies

Development of antitumor therapeutic antibodies involves in vitro analysis of their effector functions including ability to trigger CDC to kill target cells. Classical approach is to incubate antibodies with target cells and source of complement (serum). Then cell death is determined with several approaches:

HLA typing and crossmatch test

CDC assays are used to find a suitable donor for organ or bone marrow transplantation, namely donor with matching phenotype of histocompatibility system HLA. [10] At first, HLA typing is done for patient and donor to determine their HLA phenotypes. When potentially suitable couple is found, crossmatch test is done to exclude that patient produces donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies, which could cause graft rejection.[ citation needed ]

CDC form of HLA typing (other words serologic typing) uses batch of anti-HLA antibodies from characterised allogeneic antisera or monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies are incubated one by one with patient‘s or donor‘s lymphocytes and source of complement. Amount of dead cells (and thus positive result) is measured by dead or live cells staining. Nowadays CDC typing is being replaced by molecular typing, which can identify nucleotide sequences of HLA molecules via PCR. [10]

CDC assay is usually used for performing crossmatch test. The basic version involves incubation of patient’s serum with donor’s lymphocytes and second incubation after adding rabbit complement. Presence of dead cell (positive test) means that donor isn‘t suitable for this particular patient. There are modifications available to increase test sensitivity including extension of minimal incubation time, adding antihuman globulin (AHG), removing unbound antibodies before adding complement, separation of T cell and B cell subset. Besides CDC crossmatch there is flow-cytometric crossmatch available, that is more sensitive and can detect even complement non-activating antibodies. [11]

See also

Related Research Articles

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An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous. Antibodies are large, Y-shaped proteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses, including those that cause disease. Antibodies can recognize virtually any size antigen with diverse chemical compositions from molecules. Each antibody recognizes one or more specific antigens. This term literally means "antibody generator", as it is the presence of an antigen that drives the formation of an antigen-specific antibody. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope that specifically binds to one particular epitope on an antigen, allowing the two molecules to bind together with precision. Using this mechanism, antibodies can effectively "tag" a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Natural killer cell</span> Type of cytotoxic lymphocyte

Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system. They belong to the rapidly expanding family of known innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and represent 5–20% of all circulating lymphocytes in humans. The role of NK cells is analogous to that of cytotoxic T cells in the vertebrate adaptive immune response. NK cells provide rapid responses to virus-infected cells, stressed cells, tumor cells, and other intracellular pathogens based on signals from several activating and inhibitory receptors. Most immune cells detect the antigen presented on major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) on infected cell surfaces, but NK cells can recognize and kill stressed cells in the absence of antibodies and MHC, allowing for a much faster immune reaction. They were named "natural killers" because of the notion that they do not require activation to kill cells that are missing "self" markers of MHC class I. This role is especially important because harmful cells that are missing MHC I markers cannot be detected and destroyed by other immune cells, such as T lymphocyte cells.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flow cytometry</span> Lab technique in biology and chemistry

Flow cytometry (FC) is a technique used to detect and measure the physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transplant rejection</span> Rejection of transplanted tissue by the recipients immune system

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity</span> Cell-mediated killing of other cells mediated by antibodies

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), also referred to as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system kills a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies. It is one of the mechanisms through which antibodies, as part of the humoral immune response, can act to limit and contain infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoclonal antibody therapy</span> Form of immunotherapy

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A panel-reactive antibody (PRA) is a group of antibodies in a test serum that are reactive against any of several known specific antigens in a panel of test leukocytes or purified HLA antigens from cells. It is an immunologic metric routinely performed by clinical laboratories on the blood of people awaiting organ transplantation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-dsDNA antibodies</span> Group of anti-nuclear antibodies

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A viability assay is an assay that is created to determine the ability of organs, cells or tissues to maintain or recover a state of survival. Viability can be distinguished from the all-or-nothing states of life and death by the use of a quantifiable index that ranges between the integers of 0 and 1 or, if more easily understood, the range of 0% and 100%. Viability can be observed through the physical properties of cells, tissues, and organs. Some of these include mechanical activity, motility, such as with spermatozoa and granulocytes, the contraction of muscle tissue or cells, mitotic activity in cellular functions, and more. Viability assays provide a more precise basis for measurement of an organism's level of vitality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CyTOF</span>

Cytometry by time of flight, or CyTOF, is an application of mass cytometry used to quantify labeled targets on the surface and interior of single cells. CyTOF allows the quantification of multiple cellular components simultaneously using an ICP-MS detector.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sucrose lysis test</span>

The sucrose lysis test is a diagnostic laboratory test used for diagnosing paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), as well as for hypoplastic anemias and any hemolytic anemia with an unclear cause. The test works by using sucrose, which creates a low ionic strength environment that allows complement to bind to red blood cells. In individuals with PNH, some red blood cells are especially vulnerable to lysis caused by complement. The test may also produce suspicious results in other hematologic conditions, including megaloblastic anemia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. False-negative results can occur when complement activity is absent in the serum. A simpler alternative called the sugar water test also involves mixing blood with sugar and observing for hemolysis, using the same principle as the sucrose lysis test.

References

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