Contrast CT

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A woman undergoing CT pulmonary angiogram, a contrast CT scan of the pulmonary arteries, because of suspected pulmonary embolism. A contrast delivery system is connected to a peripheral venous catheter in her left arm. Contrast CT.jpg
A woman undergoing CT pulmonary angiogram, a contrast CT scan of the pulmonary arteries, because of suspected pulmonary embolism. A contrast delivery system is connected to a peripheral venous catheter in her left arm.
A CT pulmonary angiogram, in this case showing pulmonary embolism of saddle-type, which becomes more radiolucent than the radiocontrast filled blood surrounding it (but it may be indistinguishable without radiocontrast). SADDLE PE.JPG
A CT pulmonary angiogram, in this case showing pulmonary embolism of saddle-type, which becomes more radiolucent than the radiocontrast filled blood surrounding it (but it may be indistinguishable without radiocontrast).

Contrast CT, or contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), is X-ray computed tomography (CT) using radiocontrast. Radiocontrasts for X-ray CT are generally iodine-based types. [1] This is useful to highlight structures such as blood vessels that otherwise would be difficult to delineate from their surroundings. Using contrast material can also help to obtain functional information about tissues. Often, images are taken both with and without radiocontrast. CT images are called precontrast or native-phase images before any radiocontrast has been administered, and postcontrast after radiocontrast administration. [2]

Contents

Bolus tracking

Volume Rendered Carotid Angiogram Volume rendered.jpg
Volume Rendered Carotid Angiogram

Bolus tracking is a technique to optimize timing of the imaging. A small bolus of radio-opaque contrast media is injected into a patient via a peripheral intravenous cannula. Depending on the vessel being imaged, the volume of contrast is tracked using a region of interest (abbreviated "R.O.I.") at a certain level and then followed by the CT scanner once it reaches this level. Images are acquired at a rate as fast as the contrast moving through the blood vessels.[ citation needed ]

This method of imaging is used primarily to produce images of arteries, such as the aorta, pulmonary artery, cerebral, carotid and hepatic arteries.[ citation needed ]

Washout

"Washout" is where tissue loads radiocontrast during arterial phase, but then returns to a rather hypodense state in venous or later phases. This is a property of for example hepatocellular carcinoma as compared to the rest of the liver parenchyma. [3]

Phases

Depending on the purpose of the investigation, there are standardized protocols for time intervals between intravenous radiocontrast administration and image acquisition, in order to visualize the dynamics of contrast enhancements in different organs and tissues. [4] The main phases thereof are as follows: [5]

PhaseTime from injection [5] Time from bolus tracking [5] Targeted structures and findings [5]
Non-enhanced CT (NECT)--
Pulmonary arterial phase6-13 sec [6] -
Pulmonary venous phase17-24 sec [6] -
Early systemic arterial phase15-20 secimmediately
  • Arteries, without enhancement of organs and other soft tissues.
Late systemicarterial phase
Sometimes also called "arterial phase" or "early venous portal phase"		35-40 sec15-20 sec
  • All structures that get their blood supply from the arteries have optimal enhancement.
  • Some enhancement of the portal vein
Pancreatic phase30 [8] or 40 [9] - 50 [9] sec20-30 sec
Hepatic (most accurate) or late portal phase70-80 sec50-60 sec
  • Liver parenchyma enhances through portal vein supply, normally with some enhancement of the hepatic veins.
Nephrogenic phase100 sec80 sec
  • All of the renal parenchyma enhances, including the medulla, allowing detection of small renal cell carcinomas
Systemic venous phase180 sec[ citation needed ]160 sec
Delayed phase
Sometimes called "wash out phase" or "equilibrium phase"		6 [5] -15[ citation needed ] minutes6 [5] -15[ citation needed ] minutes
  • Disappearance of contrast in all abdominal structures except for tissue with fibrosis, which appears more radiodense.

Angiography

CT angiography is a contrast CT taken at the location and corresponding phase of the blood vessels of interest, in order to detect vascular diseases. For example, an abdominal aortic angiography is taken in the arterial phase in the abdominal level, and is useful to detect for example aortic dissection. [10]

Amount

Hepatocellular carcinoma, without (top) and with (bottom) IV contrast. CT scan of hepatocellular carcinoma, without and with IV contrast.jpg
Hepatocellular carcinoma, without (top) and with (bottom) IV contrast.

Adults

The following table shows the preferable volume in normal weight adults. However, dosages may need to be adjusted or even withheld in patients with risks of iodinated contrast, such as hypersensitivity reactions, contrast-induced nephropathy, effects on thyroid function or adverse drug interactions.[ citation needed ]

Sufficient volume for normal weight adults
ExamIodine concentrationComments
300 mg/ml350 mg/ml370 mg/ml
CT of brain 95ml [11] 80 ml [11] 75 ml [11]
CT of thorax Overall70 - 95 ml [notes 1] 60 - 80 ml [notes 1] 55 - 75 ml [notes 1] Parenchymal changes of the lung can often be evaluated adequately without the use of intravenous contrast.
CT pulmonary angiogram 20 ml [notes 2] 17 ml [notes 2] 15 ml [notes 2] Minimal amount when using specific low-contrast protocol. [notes 2]
CT of abdomen Overall70 ml [11] 60 ml [11] 55 ml [11]
Liver55 ml [notes 3] 45 ml [notes 3] 40-45 ml [notes 3] Minimal required amount. [notes 3]
CT angiography 25 ml [notes 4] 20 ml [notes 4] When using specific low-contrast protocol. [notes 4]

The dose should be adjusted in those not having normal body weight, and in such cases the adjustment should be proportional to the lean body mass of the person. In obese patients, the Boer formula is the method of choice (at least in those with body mass index (BMI) between 35 and 40): [12]

For men: Lean body mass = (0.407 × W) + (0.267 × H) − 19.2

For women: Lean body mass = (0.252 × W) + (0.473 × H) − 48.3

Children

Standard doses in children: [13]

ExamConcentration of iodine
300 mg/ml350 mg/ml
Generally2.0 ml/kg1.7 ml/kg
CT of brain, neck or thorax 1.5 ml/kg1.3 ml/kg

Adverse effects

Iodinated contrast agents may cause allergic reactions, contrast-induced nephropathy, hyperthyroidism and possibly metformin accumulation. However, there are no absolute contraindications to iodinated contrast, so the benefits needs to be weighted against the risks. [14]

As with CT scans in general, the radiation dose can potentially increase the risk of radiation-induced cancer.

The injection of iodinated contrast agents may sometimes lead to its extravasation. [15]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 0.3–0.4 gI/kg in a 70kg individual, according to:
    • Iezzi, Roberto; Larici, Anna Rita; Franchi, Paola; Marano, Riccardo; Magarelli, Nicola; Posa, Alessandro; Merlino, Biagio; Manfredi, Riccardo; Colosimo, Cesare (2017). "Tailoring protocols for chest CT applications: when and how?". Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 23 (6): 420–427. doi:10.5152/dir.2017.16615. ISSN   1305-3825. PMC   5669541 . PMID   29097345.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Using dual energy CTA (such as 90/150SnkVp), according to:
  3. 1 2 3 4 The liver generally needs an enhancement of at least 30 HU for proper evaluation according to:
    • Multislice CT (3 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG. 2010. ISBN   9783642069680.
    In males at 30 years of age, there is an estimated 0.027 HU of liver parenchymal enhancement per kilogram of body weight and per gram of iodine, when injected at 4 ml per second, according to: This example takes the example of a man with a typical weight of 70 kg.
  4. 1 2 3 CT-angiography in a 70kg person, with 100-150 mg I/kg by using 80 kVp, mAs-compensation for constant CNR, fixed injection duration adapted to scan time, automatic bolus tracking and a saline chaser, according to:
    • Nyman, Ulf (2012). "Contrast Medium-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) Gram-Iodine/GFR Ratio to Predict CIN and Strategies to Reduce Contrast Medium Doses". Coronary Interventions. doi: 10.5772/29992 . ISBN   978-953-51-0498-8.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CT scan</span> Medical imaging procedure using X-rays to produce cross-sectional images

A computed tomography scan is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body. The personnel that perform CT scans are called radiographers or radiology technologists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angiography</span> Medical imaging technique

Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins, and the heart chambers. Modern angiography is performed by injecting a radio-opaque contrast agent into the blood vessel and imaging using X-ray based techniques such as fluoroscopy.

Radiocontrast agents are substances used to enhance the visibility of internal structures in X-ray-based imaging techniques such as computed tomography, projectional radiography, and fluoroscopy. Radiocontrast agents are typically iodine, or more rarely barium sulfate. The contrast agents absorb external X-rays, resulting in decreased exposure on the X-ray detector. This is different from radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine which emit radiation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iodinated contrast</span> Substance to enhance X-ray imaging

Iodinated contrast is a form of water-soluble, intravenous radiocontrast agent containing iodine, which enhances the visibility of vascular structures and organs during radiographic procedures. Some pathologies, such as cancer, have particularly improved visibility with iodinated contrast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital subtraction angiography</span> Method for delineating blood vessels using contrast medium

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a fluoroscopy technique used in interventional radiology to clearly visualize blood vessels in a bony or dense soft tissue environment. Images are produced using contrast medium by subtracting a "pre-contrast image" or mask from subsequent images, once the contrast medium has been introduced into a structure. Hence the term "digital subtraction angiography. Subtraction angiography was first described in 1935 and in English sources in 1962 as a manual technique. Digital technology made DSA practical starting in the 1970s.

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a purported form of kidney damage in which there has been recent exposure to medical imaging contrast material without another clear cause for the acute kidney injury.

A saline flush is the method of clearing intravenous lines (IVs), central lines or arterial lines of any medicine or other perishable liquids to keep the lines (tubes) and entry area clean and sterile. Typically in flushing an intravenous cannula, a 5 - 10ml syringe of saline is emptied into the medication port of the cannula's connecting hub after insertion of the cannula. A 10ml syringe needs to be used to ensure correct pressure, whether you are giving 5ml or 10ml. Blood left in the cannula or hub can lead to clots forming and blocking the cannula. Flushing is required before a drip is connected to ensure that the IV is still patent.

Pyelogram is a form of imaging of the renal pelvis and ureter.

Iodixanol, sold under the brand name Visipaque, is an iodine-containing non-ionic radiocontrast agent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Computed tomography angiography</span> Medical investigation technique

Computed tomography angiography is a computed tomography technique used for angiography—the visualization of arteries and veins—throughout the human body. Using contrast injected into the blood vessels, images are created to look for blockages, aneurysms, dissections, and stenosis. CTA can be used to visualize the vessels of the heart, the aorta and other large blood vessels, the lungs, the kidneys, the head and neck, and the arms and legs. CTA can also be used to localise arterial or venous bleed of the gastrointestinal system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CT pulmonary angiogram</span> Medical imaging of blood flow between heart and lungs

A CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) is a medical diagnostic test that employs computed tomography (CT) angiography to obtain an image of the pulmonary arteries. Its main use is to diagnose pulmonary embolism (PE). It is a preferred choice of imaging in the diagnosis of PE due to its minimally invasive nature for the patient, whose only requirement for the scan is an intravenous line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iopromide</span> Chemical compound

Iopromide is an iodinated contrast medium for X-ray imaging. It is marketed under the name Ultravist which is produced by Bayer Healthcare. It is a low osmolar, non-ionic contrast agent for intravascular use; i.e., it is injected into blood vessels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iobitridol</span> Pharmaceutical drug

Iobitridol is a pharmaceutical drug used as an iodine-based radiocontrast agent in X-ray imaging. It is injected into blood vessels, joints, or body cavities such as the uterus, and filtered out by the kidneys. Its most common adverse effect is nausea. Severe allergic reactions are rare.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetrizoic acid</span> Chemical compound

Acetrizoic acid is a pharmaceutical drug that was used as an iodinated contrast medium for X-ray imaging. It was applied in form of its salt, sodium acetrizoate, but is no longer in clinical use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ioxaglic acid</span> Chemical compound

Ioxaglic acid is pharmaceutical drug used as an iodinated contrast medium for X-ray imaging. It has low osmolality, typically resulting in fewer side effects than high-osmolality media. It is manufactured by Guerbet, but marketing in the US has been discontinued. As of 2021, it may still be available in some European countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronary CT angiography</span> Use of computed tomography angiography to assess the coronary arteries of the heart

Coronary CT angiography is the use of computed tomography (CT) angiography to assess the coronary arteries of the heart. The patient receives an intravenous injection of radiocontrast and then the heart is scanned using a high speed CT scanner, allowing physicians to assess the extent of occlusion in the coronary arteries, usually in order to diagnose coronary artery disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical imaging in pregnancy</span> Types of pregnancy imaging techniques

Medical imaging in pregnancy may be indicated because of pregnancy complications, intercurrent diseases or routine prenatal care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital variance angiography</span> Medical image processing method

Digital variance angiography (DVA) is a novel image processing method based on kinetic imaging, which allows the visualization of motion on image sequences generated by penetrating radiations. DVA is a specific form of kinetic imaging: it requires angiographic image series, which are created by X-ray or fluoroscopic imaging and by the administration of contrast media during various medical procedures. The resulting single DVA image visualizes the path of contrast agent with relatively low background noise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbon dioxide angiography</span> Diagnostic radiographic technique

Carbon dioxide angiography is a diagnostic radiographic technique in which a carbon dioxide (CO2) based contrast medium is used - unlike traditional angiography where the contrast medium normally used is iodine based – to see and study the body vessels. Since CO2 is a non-radio-opaque contrast medium, angiographic procedures need to be performed in digital subtraction angiography (DSA).

A computed tomography urography is a computed tomography scan that examines the urinary tract after contrast dye is injected into a vein.

References

  1. ↑ Webb, W. Richard; Brant, Wiliam E.; Major, Nancy M. (2014). Fundamentals of Body CT. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 152. ISBN   9780323263580.
  2. ↑ Dahlman P, Semenas E, Brekkan E, Bergman A, Magnusson A (2000). "Detection and Characterisation of Renal Lesions by Multiphasic Helical Ct". Acta Radiologica. 41 (4): 361–366. doi:10.1080/028418500127345479. PMID   10937759. S2CID   27758886.
  3. ↑ Choi, Jin-Young; Lee, Jeong-Min; Sirlin, Claude B. (2014). "CT and MR Imaging Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Part II. Extracellular Agents, Hepatobiliary Agents, and Ancillary Imaging Features". Radiology. 273 (1): 30–50. doi:10.1148/radiol.14132362. ISSN   0033-8419. PMC   4263770 . PMID   25247563.
  4. ↑ Bae, Kyongtae T. (2010). "Intravenous Contrast Medium Administration and Scan Timing at CT: Considerations and Approaches". Radiology. 256 (1): 32–61. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10090908 . ISSN   0033-8419. PMID   20574084.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Robin Smithuis. "CT contrast injection and protocols". Radiology Assistant. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
  6. 1 2 Page 584 in: Ákos Jobbágy (2012). 5th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering 14 - 18 September 2011, Budapest, Hungary. Volume 37 of IFMBE Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9783642235085.
  7. ↑ Pavan Nandra (2018). "Introducing the use of Flash CTPA; how does it compare to standard CTPA?". Postering. doi:10.1594/ecr2018/C-1831.
  8. ↑ Raman SP, Fishman EK (2012). "Advances in CT Imaging of GI Malignancies". Gastrointest Cancer Res. 5 (3 Suppl 1): S4-9. PMC   3413036 . PMID   22876336.
  9. 1 2 3 Otto van Delden and Robin Smithuis. "Pancreas - Carcinoma". Radiology Assistant. Archived from the original on 2019-09-26. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  10. ↑ Page 424 in: Stuart E. Mirvis, Jorge A. Soto, Kathirkamanathan Shanmuganathan, Joseph Yu, Wayne S. Kubal (2014). Problem Solving in Emergency Radiology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   9781455758395.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "New Zealand Datasheet" (PDF). New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  12. ↑ Caruso, Damiano; De Santis, Domenico; Rivosecchi, Flaminia; Zerunian, Marta; Panvini, Nicola; Montesano, Marta; Biondi, Tommaso; Bellini, Davide; Rengo, Marco; Laghi, Andrea (2018). "Lean Body Weight-Tailored Iodinated Contrast Injection in Obese Patient: Boer versus James Formula". BioMed Research International. 2018: 1–6. doi: 10.1155/2018/8521893 . ISSN   2314-6133. PMC   6110034 . PMID   30186869.
  13. ↑ Nievelstein, Rutger A. J.; van Dam, Ingrid M.; van der Molen, Aart J. (2010). "Multidetector CT in children: current concepts and dose reduction strategies". Pediatric Radiology. 40 (8): 1324–1344. doi:10.1007/s00247-010-1714-7. ISSN   0301-0449. PMC   2895901 . PMID   20535463.
  14. ↑ Stacy Goergen. "Iodine-containing contrast medium". InsideRadiology - The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists. Retrieved 2019-02-22. Page last modified on 26/7/2017
  15. ↑ Hrycyk J, Heverhagen JT, Böhm I (2019). "What you should know about prophylaxis and treatment of radiographic and magnetic resonance contrast medium extravasation". Acta Radiol. 60 (4): 496–500. doi:10.1177/0284185118782000. PMID   29896979. S2CID   48360725.
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