Credential evaluation

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Credential evaluation is the way in which academic and professional degrees earned in one country are compared to those earned in another. [1] Universities, colleges and employers around the world use credential evaluations to understand foreign education and to judge applicants for admission or employment. [2]

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Immigrants can use credential evaluations to gain recognition for study completed outside the country they are immigrating to and in doing so join the workforce as skilled immigrants. [3] International students use credential evaluations to present their previous coursework and grades to universities anywhere for admission.

United States

Universities and colleges in the United States saw a marked increase in the number of international students applying for admission after World War II when many European countries were recovering from the war. The need for an accurate and fair understanding of students’ educational past emerged and became even more important as the number of international students studying in the United States jumped from 25,000 in the years after the war, according to NAFSA. There were over 866,000 international students studying in the United States in 2013 to 2014. [4] In 2019 the United States received more than 1,000,000 international students for the fourth consecutive year. [5]

As universities face declining public financial support and the pressure to keep tuition affordable, academic institutions have relied on international students to offset the rising cost of higher education. [6] The majority of international students in the United States are from China, India and South Korea. [7] However, there has been a large and steady growth in the number of international students from Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia and Nigeria. [8]

There is no regulations in terms of international degree evaluation in the US, and the U.S. Department of State or the U.S. government of the entity doesn’t affiliate or endorse any foreign credential evaluation agencies. [9] Therefore, there is no federal (national) government agency that oversees credential evaluations in the United States. [10] There are professional associations such as Association of International Credential Evaluators, Inc. (AICE) and National Association of Credential Evaluation Services (NACES) that create and maintain ethical standards in the field though they are not governing agencies and membership by credential evaluators is voluntary. [11] However, credential evaluators must meet certain criteria to belong to AICE and NACES. Universities and colleges also evaluate credentials themselves. An NACES or AICE agency is normally required by universities in the US. [12] [13]

Canada

Educational credential assessment (ECA) also known as credential evaluation can be used for immigration, education and licensing. [14] An ECA is necessary for immigrants seeking entry into Canada under various Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) programs, including the Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP) through Express Entry, which requires immigrants to have completed a minimum equivalent of a Canadian secondary school diploma. [14] The Canadian government does not assess foreign credentials. Instead as of April 2013, the CIC has designated seven credential evaluation agencies to provide assessments for those immigrating to Canada. These designated agencies are members of the Alliance of Credential Evaluation Services of Canada. [15]

Most Canadian licensing boards or professional licensing bodies require academic credential evaluations from internationally educated professionals. The evaluations are assessed in-house or by Alliance members.

Europe

The Convention on the Recognition of the Qualifications Concerning Higher Education in the European Region, commonly called the Lisbon Recognition Convention, is the main legal agreement which governs the recognition of qualifications between the member states of the Council of Europe, excluding Greece and Monaco. [16] The European Network of Information Centres and the National Academic Recognition Information Centres (known as ENIC-NARIC) can evaluate credentials and issue a “statement of comparability” for a university degree earned in one member country for use in another. [17] The convention states that degree holders must have access to “adequate assessments” of their credentials and degrees must be recognized among member countries unless there are proven “substantial differences” between the degrees awarded in that country and the degree being assessed. [16]

Australia

The Australian government evaluates foreign credentials depending on the reason for the evaluation. [18] For example, if an evaluation is needed only for immigration purposes the Department of Immigration and Border Protection will assess qualifications. [18] There are designated assessing authorities for specific professions, such as the Australian Institute For Teaching and School Leadership which assesses credentials for school teacher occupations. [19] For most other credential assessments, Overseas Qualifications Units were established in most Australian states and territories to evaluate foreign credentials. [19] The Department of Education and Training can also assess credentials for foreign-born residents of New South Wales and credentials for occupations that do not require registration, licensing, or professional membership. [20]

Middle East

The Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in the Arab States was held in 1978 to “adopt terminology and evaluation criteria as similar as possible… in order to simplify the application of a system which will ensure the comparability of credits, subjects of study and diplomas” and to encourage student mobility across borders. [21] Eighteen states signed the convention including Jordan, Morocco, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. [21]

Types of Credential Evaluations

Generally the types of credential evaluations vary depending on the country and purpose of the evaluation. The ENIC-NARIC offers full equivalency or comparable reports. [17] In the United States and Canada credential evaluations range from detailed course-by-course analysis to document-by-document analysis depending on the admissions requirements of a particular school or the requirements for employment and immigration. [22] While academic and professional institutions may use credential evaluations to assess candidates’ qualifications, the institution decides whether a candidates credentials meet their requirements for admission.

Related Research Articles

An associate degree or associate's degree is an undergraduate degree awarded after a course of post-secondary study lasting two to three years. It is a level of academic qualification above a high school diploma and below a bachelor's degree.

A diploma mill or degree mill is a business that sells illegitimate diplomas or academic degrees, respectively. The term diploma mill is also used pejoratively to describe any educational institution with low standards for admission and graduation, low career placement rate, or low average starting salaries of its graduates.

The Lisbon Recognition Convention, officially the Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region, is an international convention of the Council of Europe elaborated together with the UNESCO. This is the main legal agreement on credential evaluation in Europe.

According to the US Department of Education, the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) is "the authorized credential evaluation and guidance agency for non-U.S. physicians and graduates of non-U.S. medical schools who seek to practice in the United States or apply for a U.S. medical residency program. It provides comprehensive information and resources on licensure, the U.S. Medical Licensure Examination (USMLE), residencies, and recognition."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Qualifications Framework</span> Educational standards organization

The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) specifies the standards for educational qualifications in Australia. It is administered nationally by the Australian Government's Department of Industry, with oversight from the States and Territories, through the Standing Council of Tertiary Education Skills and Employment. While the AQF specifies the standards, education and training organisations are authorised by accrediting authorities to issue a qualification.

A Diplom is an academic degree in the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and a similarly named degree in some other European countries including Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine and only for engineers in France, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Brazil.

The European Network of Information Centres (ENIC) were established in 1994 as a joint initiative of UNESCO and the Council of Europe. They are intended to implement the Lisbon recognition convention (LRC) and, in general, to develop policy and practice for the recognition of qualifications. The ENIC Network works closely with the NARIC network of the European Union.

Joint Degrees are academic qualifications awarded through integrated curricula often jointly coordinated and delivered by multiple higher education institutions, sometimes across different countries. Graduates may receive a single qualification recognized by multiple national systems, separate qualifications, or a single joint degree certificate. These degrees differ from standard national qualifications by being either multi-system or independent of any single national education system.

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All EU and EEA states and all the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Cyprus have a designated National Academic Recognition Information Centre (NARIC), which provides a way to compare academic qualifications as part of the Bologna Process. Together they form the NARIC network.

National Academy of Higher Education (NAHE) identifies itself as an organization specializing in evaluation of people's educational credentials. Some United States educational authorities identify it as an unrecognized accreditation organization or accreditation mill. NAHE charges fees for a service described as an evaluation of the educational credentials of clients who have studied in other countries or attained degrees through alternative methods.

The Validation or recognition of foreign studies and degrees is the process whereby a competent authority in one country formally recognises the value of a qualification from a foreign country. This can entail total or partial validation of foreign university and non-university studies, degrees and other qualifications. Particularly within Europe, this is covered by a number of international conventions and agreements.

World Education Services (WES) is a nonprofit organization that provides credential evaluations for international students and immigrants planning to study or work in the U.S. and Canada. Founded in 1974, it is based in New York, U.S. It also has operations in Toronto, Canada.

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The National Association of Credential Evaluation Services (NACES) is a United States non-profit organization, established in 1987, which is a member-based organization of private companies that provide transcript evaluation services of academic degrees awarded from non-United States educational institutions.

References

  1. ↑ "What is a Credential Evaluation?". World Education Services. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  2. ↑ "Obtaining a Credential Evaluation". Global Talent Bridge. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  3. ↑ "Credential Evaluation". Global Talent Bridge. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  4. ↑ "Project Atlas". Institute of International Education. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  5. ↑ "Number of International Students in the United States Hits All-Time High". www.iie.org. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  6. ↑ Jordan, Miriam (24 March 2015). "International Students Stream Into U.S. Colleges". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  7. ↑ Choudaha, Rahul. "Beyond More of the Same: The Top Four Emerging Markets for International Student Recruitment". WENR: World Education News and Reviews. World Education Services. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  8. ↑ Fang, Yuanyuan; Roy, Megha; Ortiz, Alejandro A. "Top Emerging Markets for International Student Recruitment". WENR: World Education News and Reviews. World Education Services. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  9. ↑ https://www.state.gov/global-community-liaison-office/family-member-employment/family-member-employment-in-the-d-c-area/evaluation-of-foreign-degrees
  10. ↑ "Recognition of Foreign Qualifications". U.S. Department of Education. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  11. ↑ "Evaluating Credentials". U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  12. ↑ "Admission Requirement, University of Miami". International Evaluation Requirement. University of Miami.
  13. ↑ "Admission Requirement, University of South Florida". How to Apply Graduate Certificates. University of South Florida.
  14. 1 2 "Have Your Education Assessed - Skilled Immigrants (Express Entry)". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  15. ↑ "Alliance of Credential Evaluation Services Canada". ACESC: Alliance of Credential Evaluation Services of Canada. Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  16. 1 2 "The Lisbon Recognition Convention". Enic-Naric. European Network of Information Centres in the European Region and National Academic Recognition Information Centres in the European Union. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  17. 1 2 "Recognition of Academic Diplomas". Europa.eu. European Union. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  18. 1 2 "Qualifications Recognition". Department of Education and Training. Australian Government. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  19. 1 2 "Qualification and Skills Recognition". Information and Services. Australian Government. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  20. ↑ "Qualification Assessment". Department of Education and Training. Australian Government. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  21. 1 2 "Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in the Arab States 1978". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. United Nations. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  22. ↑ "Why should I get my international educational credentials evaluated?". Settlement.Org: Information Newcomers Can Trust. Settlement.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
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