Cut the Rope

Last updated

Cut the Rope
Cut the Rope Logo.png
Logo of the series since 2010
Genre(s) Puzzle logic
Developer(s) ZeptoLab
Paladin Studios
Publisher(s) ZeptoLab [a]
Platform(s)
First release Cut the Rope
February 28, 2010
Latest releaseCut the Rope 3
October 13, 2023

Cut the Rope is a franchise of physics-based puzzle video games developed and published by ZeptoLab. It consists of the original game Cut the Rope (2010) published by Chillingo, Cut the Rope: Holiday Gift (2010), Cut the Rope: Experiments (2011), Cut the Rope: Time Travel (2013), Cut the Rope 2 (2013 iOS; 2014 Android), My Om Nom (2014 iOS; 2015 Android), Cut the Rope: Magic (2015), Cut the Rope Remastered (2021), Cut the Rope Daily (2023), and Cut the Rope 3 (2023).

Contents

The objective of the Cut the Rope games is to feed candy to a little green creature named Om Nom while collecting stars. As of May 2015, Cut the Rope games have been downloaded more than 600 million times [6] and had surpassed over a billion downloads by 2018. [7]

Games

Release timeline
Main releases in bold
2010 Cut the Rope
2011Cut the Rope: Experiments
2012
2013 Cut the Rope: Time Travel
Cut the Rope 2
2014Cut the Rope: Triple Treat
My Om Nom
2015Cut the Rope: Magic
2016
2017
2018
2019Om Nom: Merge
2020Om Nom: Run
2021Cut the Rope Remastered
2022
2023Cut the Rope Daily
Cut the Rope 3

Cut the Rope (2010)

Cut the Rope, the first game in the series, was released initially on February 28, 2010. A native (HD) version for the iPad was released on October 6, 2010. This was followed by the release of a free version with fewer levels for each device, called Cut the Rope Free and Cut the Rope HD Free respectively. [8]

Cut the Rope: Experiments (2011)

Cut the Rope: Experiments was released on August 4, 2011, as a sequel to Cut the Rope. [9] While its gameplay and presentation closely match that of Cut the Rope, the sequel introduces new gameplay elements as well as a new storyline and characters. The Professor, for example, “provides running commentary” [10] throughout the game as players unlock new levels and collect "hidden" photos that reveal more information about the little green creature's character.

Cut the Rope: Time Travel (2013)

The third sequel, Cut the Rope: Time Travel, was released on April 17, 2013. It sees Om Nom travel back to the time of his ancestors, which means in terms of gameplay that players now feed candy to two monsters rather than to only one.

Cut the Rope 2 (2013)

Cut the Rope 2 was released on December 19, 2013, for iOS devices. It expands on the previous games with Om Nom no longer being a static stage object, additional creature characters and a more dynamic environment. [11] The Android version was released on March 28, 2014, on Google Play [12] and on April 3 on Amazon AppStore. [13] Unlike the iOS version, Cut the Rope 2 for Android adds free-to-play elements such as an energy system, and features a map like structure instead of level packs; these features would eventually be added to the iOS version of the game.

Cut the Rope: Triple Treat (2014)

Cut the Rope: Triple Treat was released on March 25, 2014, for Nintendo 3DS, including levels from the three previous Cut the Rope games, Cut the Rope, Cut the Rope: Experiments and Cut the Rope: Time Travel. [14] It was published by Activision. [15]

My Om Nom (2014)

My Om Nom was released on December 18, 2014, for iOS devices and 2015 for Android devices. In this game, the player has their own Om Nom to feed, dress up, and play with. It includes some simple games to play with Om Nom, and it is reminiscent of the Tamagotchi franchise and similar to Pou. [16]

Cut the Rope: Magic (2015)

Cut the Rope: Magic was released on December 17, 2015, for both iOS and Android devices. [17] This game sees Om Nom being transported to a storybook world where the levels involve magical elements as well as battling an equally candy-loving spider wizard. Magic added a new transformation element to Om Nom, allowing him to shrink or turn into a completely different animal. [17] [18] The game also uses a map element seen in the Android version and later versions of the iOS version of Cut the Rope 2. While the iOS version was exclusively paid, the Android version is free-to-play, and thus, added an energy system that could be removed with a one-time micropayment, which was later replaced with a paid subscription. A free version was eventually added to iOS but did not carry the energy system from the Android release.

Om Nom: Merge (2019)

Om Nom: Merge was released on November 28, 2019, and is the first video game entry in the franchise in four years, due to the success of Om Nom Stories .

Om Nom: Run (2020)

Om Nom: Run is a free-to-play endless runner mobile game, released on February 27, 2020. It is available on Android, iOS platforms and the Nintendo Switch. The game follows Om Nom running through the dangerous streets of Nomville. [19] The game starts by tapping the touchscreen, while Om Nom (the game's starter character) or any other character exits the base, and then starts running through the streets of Nomville.

The game has multiple gameplay modes. The main mode, called Free Run, is a traditional endless runner game. The mission mode gives players tasks to complete as they run. This mode ends when the player crashes or completes the mission objectives. [20]

The initial release has been a success. [21] In a span of one month, it has been downloaded for over 5 million times. [22]

Cut the Rope Remastered (2021)

A remastered version of Cut the Rope was released on April 2, 2021 on Apple Arcade by Paladin Studios. In the game, Om Nom and his family celebrate his birthday; on this special occasion, Nibble Nom takes out a few books as birthday presents, which are based on the events on the previous games in the series. In the game, there are five level packs, this time presented as books, with levels either taken from or are based on five of the previous entries: Evan's House, based on the original, Experiments and Time Travel, both based on the games of the same name, Road Trip, based on Cut the Rope 2 and Magic (based on the game of the same name). New to the series are levels containing Nibble Nom instead of Om Nom; the player has to guide three candies to the tiny creature instead of one, and Nibble Nom himself can be pushed about and interact with other objects, while Om Nom remains stationary in levels until Road Trip. Another new feature is bonus levels containing Om Nelle (released in a post-launch update); the player has to give her the candy with the box filled with water. Remastered also features new 3D graphics, an interactive map where power-ups (magnets, candy rain and teleporter) and "worldstars", which are added to certain levels for replay value, can be found, and an account system, where up to six saves can be used. The game was shut down in early 2024.

Cut the Rope Daily (2023)

Cut the Rope Daily was released on Netflix Games app, iOS, and Android on August 1, 2023. [23] Available exclusively with the Netflix membership, the game offers a single unique level every day, the same for the whole world. The challenge is to deliver the candy to Om Nom while collecting as many stars as possible (there are 10 in each level). The scoring is based on the number of collected stars and the number of tries. Results are shareable on social media. The progress and winstreak can be tracked in the in-game calendar, and each month has a separate theme with a themed costume for Om Nom to be won with winstreak.

Cut the Rope 3 (2023)

Cut the Rope 3 was released on October 13, 2023 on Apple Arcade. [24] It focuses on Om Nom and his son, Nibble Nom setting out on a journey to discover new Nommies. The gameplay replaces pieces of candy with Nibble Nom, who must reach Om Nom's location in each level. The game features several different locations, with the location that the player explores being selected by Om Nom's compass. In each search for a Nommie, the player will go through three random levels in order to discover and take a picture of every new creature. It is also the second main Cut the Rope title to feature 3D graphics after Cut the Rope Remastered. On February 2, 2024, augmented reality features became accessible to support the release of the Apple Vision Pro. [25] It was the final game to be developed by Paladin Studios before its closure. [26]

Level packs

All games in Cut the Rope series (except for Cut the Rope 2 for Android and Cut the Rope 3) group content into "boxes" or "level packs". Boxes in the original Cut the Rope and Cut the Rope: Experiments contain 25 levels each, boxes in Cut the Rope: Time Travel contains only 15 levels each (except for the last box, Parallel Universe, which has 20), boxes in Cut the Rope 2 contain 24 levels each, and boxes in Cut the Rope Remastered contain 27 levels each, counting Om Nelle's bonus levels. Most boxes introduce a new element in the game, challenging the player with a new set of game mechanics. New boxes continue to be added from time to time through updates. Three stars can be collected in every level, while an extra star, known as the power star, as of Remastered, can be found in each level when using superpowers. In Remastered, a special magenta worldstar can be found for some levels by interacting with items on the world map.

The following table summarizes the number of packs and levels in each traditional Cut the Rope game, as of October 2023.

GameNumber of level packsLevels per packAchievementsTotal levelsTotal regular starsTotal worldstarsTotal stars, power stars and worldstars
Cut the Rope 172576 (with Candy Feast & Candy Flick) (iOS) 51 (Android)4251275N/A1700
Cut the Rope: Holiday Gift125
Cut the Rope: Experiments 82528200600800
Cut the Rope: Time Travel 1215 (20 for Parallel Universe)42185555740
Cut the Rope 2 72425168504-
Cut the Rope: Magic8Between 15 and 408200600-
Cut the Rope Remastered5273013540530570
Cut the Rope 35Varies25251783N/A-

Cut the Rope

  1. Cardboard Box
  2. Fabric Box
  3. Foil Box
  4. Magic Box
  5. Valentine Box

N/A: Invisible Box (April Fools Joke)

  1. Toy Box
  2. Gift Box
  3. Cosmic Box
  4. Toolbox
  5. Buzz Box
  6. DJ Box
  7. Spooky Box
  8. Steam Box
  9. Lantern Box
  10. Cheese Box
  11. Pillow Box
  12. Mechanical Box (the hardest one)

Cut the Rope: Experiments

  1. Getting Started
  2. Shooting the Candy
  3. Sticky Steps
  4. Rocket Science
  5. Bath Time
  6. Handy Candy
  7. Ant Hill
  8. Bamboo Chutes

Cut the Rope: Time Travel

  1. The Middle Ages
  2. The Renaissance
  3. Pirate Ship
  4. Ancient Egypt
  5. Ancient Greece
  6. The Stone Age
  7. Disco Era
  8. Wild West
  9. Asian Dynasty
  10. Industrial Age (the hardest one)
  11. The Future
  12. Parallel Universe

Cut the Rope 2

  1. Forest
  2. Sandy Dam
  3. Junkyard
  4. City Park
  5. Underground
  6. Fruit Market
  7. Bakery

Cut the Rope: Magic

  1. Sky Castle
  2. Mushroom Land
  3. Magic Forest
  4. Mystery Cave
  5. Ancient Library
  6. Stone Temple
  7. Tree Village
  8. Snowy Hills

Cut the Rope Remastered

  1. Evan's Home
  2. Experiments
  3. Time Travel
  4. Road Trip
  5. Magic

Cut the Rope 3

  1. Jungle
  2. Cave
  3. Pirate Ship
  4. Pyramids
  5. Arctic

Reception

In addition to its commercial success, Cut the Rope was very well received by critics. It has a score of 93 on Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim". [27]

Cut the Rope: Experiments reached an aggregate Metacritic score of 85 out of 100, [28] Cut the Rope: Time Travel — a score of 84, [29] and Cut the Rope 2 a score of 81. [30]

Adaptations, spin-offs and merchandise

Om Nom Stories , an animated web series on ZeptoLab's YouTube channel and sold to several kid-oriented streaming sites, is based on the game series and revolves around Om Nom's life out of the game.

In July 2011, ZeptoLab and comics publisher Ape Entertainment published a comic book series to be published as a stand-alone app. The comics tell the backstory of the candy-eating monster Om Nom and introduce new characters. [31]

The character Om Nom has become the subject of a viral video, [32] plush toys, [33] and a Mattel Apptivity game. [34]

In August 2014, ZeptoLab and McDonald's Europe announced [35] a multi-market Happy Meal promotional campaign, which featured various Cut the Rope-themed kitchen accessories, such as banana splitter and juicer. "Hungry for fruit and fun?" was the key message of the campaign. As part of the promotion, ZeptoLab also released the game called Cut the Rope: Hungry for Fruit.

In June 2015, ZeptoLab partnered with Blockade Entertainment for a feature film based on the games, titled Om Nom: The Movie, that was set for release in 2016, but it never came to fruition. [36]

In March 2021, Zeptolab created a personalized book [37] for children in collaboration with LionStory. The book features Om Nom, Om Nelle, Toss, Snail Brow, Roto, Lick, Ginger, Blue and a personalized character of a child (appearance, name, dedication and a back cover photo).

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Chillingo published the original version. Activision published various console versions. Netflix published Cut the Rope Daily. Paladin Studios published the remaster.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Revolution Software</span> British video game developer

Revolution Software Limited is a British video game developer based in York, founded in 1989 by Charles Cecil, Tony Warriner, David Sykes and Noirin Carmody. Its most popular line of games is that of Broken Sword, a series which began in 1996 with Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars. As of 2024, there have been a further four iterations in the series: The Smoking Mirror (1997), The Sleeping Dragon (2003), The Angel of Death (2006) and The Serpent's Curse (2013).

<i>SaGa Frontier</i> 1997 video game

SaGa Frontier is a 1997 role-playing video game developed by Square for the PlayStation. It is the seventh game in the SaGa series, and the first to be released on the PlayStation. It is also the first in the series to be released under the SaGa brand outside Japan; previous overseas releases had used the Final Fantasy brand instead. A remastered version featuring additional characters, events and features was released on April 15, 2021 for Android, iOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Windows.

<i>Wings</i> (1990 video game) 1990 video game

Wings is a World War I video game developed and published by Cinemaware. It was released for the Amiga in 1990. The action sequences are similar in style to those of the 1927 silent film Wings.

<i>Angry Birds Rio</i> 2011 video game

Angry Birds Rio was a 2011 puzzle video game developed and published by Rovio Entertainment, and is the third installment in the Angry Birds series. The game was released on March 22, 2011 and promoted as a marketing tie-in with the 20th Century Fox and Blue Sky Studios co-produced animated film Rio. While utilizing the same basic gameplay as Angry Birds (2009), Angry Birds Rio added a number of new elements, most notably the first use of boss levels. Angry Birds Rio was discontinued on February 3, 2020 along with Angry Birds Star Wars (2012), and Angry Birds Star Wars II (2013), with the games also being delisted from Google Play and the iOS App Store.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZeptoLab</span> Multinational video game company

ZeptoLab is a video game developer best known for developing the Cut the Rope series, which has been downloaded more than 2 billion times since its release, and can be played on major platforms including Android, iOS, Windows Phone, HTML5 web browsers, macOS, Nintendo DSi and Nintendo 3DS.

<i>Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter</i> 2010 video game

Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter is a first-person shooter video game and the fifth installment in the Carnivores series. The game was initially developed by Tatem Games and released for iOS in 2010, as an enhanced port of the original 1998 Carnivores game. Later that year, Tatem Games' version was ported by Beatshapers to the PlayStation 3 (PS3) and PlayStation Portable (PSP), as a PlayStation Minis. Tatem Games then brought its iOS port to Android in 2012.

<i>Candy Crush Saga</i> 2012 video game

Candy Crush Saga is a free-to-play tile-matching video game released by King on April 12, 2012, originally for Facebook; other versions for iOS, Android, Windows Phone, and Windows 10 followed. It is a variation of their browser game Candy Crush.

<i>DuckTales: Remastered</i> 2013 video game

DuckTales: Remastered is a Metroidvania-style platform video game developed by WayForward Technologies and published by Capcom. The game is a high-definition remake of DuckTales, a game released on the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1989. It was originally released for the PlayStation 3, Wii U and Windows in August 2013 and Xbox 360 in September 2013. Ports for Android, iOS and Windows Phone were released in April 2015 by Disney Mobile. The game was temporarily delisted from digital storefronts in August 2019, but was relisted in March 2020.

<i>Tetris</i> (Electronic Arts) 2006 video game

Tetris was a puzzle video game developed by EA Mobile and published by Electronic Arts for iOS, Android, BlackBerry OS, and Windows Phone. The game featured gameplay like other Tetris titles, with a new soundtrack.

<i>Cut the Rope: Time Travel</i> 2013 video game

Cut the Rope: Time Travel is a physics-based puzzle video game developed by ZeptoLab for the iOS, Android and web browsers. The third entry in the Cut the Rope series, it follows Om Nom going through time.

<i>Lords of the Fallen</i> (2014 video game) 2014 video game

Lords of the Fallen is an action role-playing video game developed by Deck13 and CI Games. It was released in October 2014 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Windows. A mobile version of the game, which features one-to-one swipe combat controls, was released on 9 February 2017 for iOS and Android, as a paid game with in-app purchases. A reboot of the same name was released in October 2023.

<i>Badland</i> (video game) 2013 mobile video game

Badland is a video game developed and published by Frogmind. It was first released on iOS and Android in 2013. It was released on Windows Phone 8 in June 2014. There is also a Game of the Year Edition that was released in May 2015 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox One, Wii U and Steam for Linux, Microsoft Windows and OS X, and in August 2021 for Nintendo Switch by Untold Tales.

<i>Jolly Jam</i> 2015 puzzle video game

Jolly Jam was a mobile tile-matching puzzle video game, developed by Magic Tavern and published by Rovio Stars. It was released on February 18, 2015, for Android and iOS devices worldwide. The game features different gameplay mechanics, drawing a box around similar objects, compared to most other tile-matching games.

SkyBox Labs Inc. is a Canadian video game developer located in Burnaby, British Columbia. Founded in 2011 by Derek MacNeil, Shyang Kong and Steven Silvester formerly from EA Vancouver, they are mostly known for their work with Xbox Game Studios on the Halo, Age of Empires and Minecraft franchises.

Om Nom Stories is a British-Russian web series produced by Zeptolab and Rocket Fox, featuring the character Om Nom from the video game series Cut the Rope. The series revolves around Om Nom's life out of the game, and is based on 4 games in the series: the original, Cut the Rope: Time Travel, Cut the Rope 2, and Cut the Rope: Magic. The first season, as well as the first and last episodes of the second, combine live action and animation, while the rest are entirely animated.

<i>World of Warriors</i> 2014 video game

World of Warriors is an action role-playing video game developed and published by Mind Candy. It was released for iOS and Android in November 2014. A PlayStation 4 port published by Sony Interactive Entertainment was released on 21 March 2018. The game also spawned two mobile app spinoffs, World of Warriors: Quest and World of Warriors: Duel, both released in 2015. On 10 September 2018, World of Warriors was removed from the iOS and Android appstores, and on 5 October 2018, all online services for the app were discontinued. However, the PlayStation 4 version and the mobile app spinoffs continue to be playable.

<i>Cut the Rope</i> (video game) 2010 video game

Cut the Rope is a physics-based puzzle video game developed by ZeptoLab and published by Chillingo for iOS, Android, Windows Phone, web browsers, Nintendo DSi, and Nintendo 3DS. The game was succeeded by Cut the Rope: Experiments in 2011 while a direct sequel, Cut the Rope 2, was released in 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of mobile games</span>

The popularisation of mobile games began as early as 1997 with the introduction of Snake preloaded on Nokia feature phones, demonstrating the practicality of games on these devices. Several mobile device manufacturers included preloaded games in the wake of Snake's success. In 1999, the introduction of the i-mode service in Japan allowed a wide variety of more advanced mobile games to be downloaded onto smartphones, though the service was largely limited to Japan. By the early 2000s, the technical specifications of Western handsets had also matured to the point where downloadable applications could be supported, but mainstream adoption continued to be hampered by market fragmentation between different devices, operating environments, and distributors.

<i>King of Thieves</i> (video game) 2016 video game

King of Thieves is a multiplayer PvP platform video game developed by ZeptoLab for iOS, Android and Windows Phone. The players must steal gems from user-generated dungeons and fortify their dungeon to protect against attacks.

<i>Cut the Rope 2</i> 2013 video game

Cut the Rope 2 is a physics-based puzzle video game developed and published by ZeptoLab for iOS and Android. Acting as a direct sequel to Cut the Rope, the game focuses on Om Nom going on an adventure to retrieve his stolen candy supply.

References

  1. ↑ "Press Release: Research in Motion previews BlackBerry PlayBook OS 2.0 at CES 2012". Crackberry. January 9, 2012.
  2. ↑ "Behind the Scenes at Cut the Rope for HTML5." Cut The Rope. ZeptoLab. Web. 01 Apr. 2012. < "Cut the Rope | Behind the Scenes". Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2012.>.
  3. ↑ "Cut the Rope Hits the Web via Internet Explorer 9". Mashable. January 10, 2012.
  4. ↑ "Cut the Rope". google.com.
  5. ↑ "ZeptoLab's Award-Winning "Cut the Rope" Now Available on NOOK™ by Barnes & Noble". zeptolab.com. February 17, 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  6. ↑ Cut the Rope maker ZeptoLab grabs 10M downloads for King of Thieves (updated). Retrieved 1 August 2015
  7. ↑ "About company. ZeptoLab". www.zeptolab.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  8. ↑ "Full-cycle game and software development services | Our Works". DataSakura. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  9. ↑ KUMPARAK, GREG (August 2, 2011). ""Cut The Rope" Sequel Will Be Called "Cut The Rope: Experiments", Launching August 4th". TechCrunch.
  10. ↑ Grothaus, Michael. "Cut the Rope: Experiments brings some new twists to the popular property". Archived from the original on January 31, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  11. ↑ Lien, Tracey (December 6, 2013). "Cut the Rope 2 coming to iOS devices Dec. 19". Polygon. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Om Nom Prepares for New Adventures with Nommies in Cut the Rope 2, Out Now on Android". AndroidShock. March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Amazon.com: Cut the Rope 2: Appstore for Android". amazon.com.
  14. ↑ "Cut the Rope: Triple Treat". Nintendo. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
  15. ↑ Xav de Matos (January 22, 2014). "Activision bringing Cut the Rope: Triple Treat 3-game pack to 3DS". Joystiq.
  16. ↑ My Om Nom offers your own pet from Cut the Rope December 18, 2014
  17. 1 2 H., Michael (December 18, 2015). "Cut the Rope: Magic now available". Phone Arena. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  18. ↑ Oxford, Nadia (December 17, 2015). "Cut the Rope: Magic Review – My Magical Om Nom". Gamezebo. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Gameplay". February 3, 2020.
  20. ↑ "Game play by TouchArcade".
  21. ↑ "Pre release success". March 3, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Milestone of 50 million downloads". March 30, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Cut the Rope Daily marks the legendary franchise's return on mobile through Netflix gaming". August 1, 2023.
  24. ↑ "Cut the Rope 3". App Store. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Apple announces more than 600 new apps built for Apple Vision Pro". Apple Inc. February 1, 2024.
  26. ↑ Kerr, Chris (May 2, 2024). "Paladin Studios laying off 45 workers and shutting down". www.gamedeveloper.com. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  27. ↑ "Cut the Rope iOS". Metacritic . Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  28. ↑ "Cut the Rope: Experiments iOS". Metacritic . Retrieved October 10, 2014.
  29. ↑ "Cut the Rope: Time Travel iOS". Metacritic . Retrieved October 10, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Cut the Rope 2 iOS". Metacritic . Retrieved October 10, 2014.
  31. ↑ Rosenblatt, Seth (July 22, 2011). "iOS game Cut the Rope jumps to comics". CNET . Archived from the original on May 23, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Cut the Rope animated short makes its debut". December 9, 2011. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  33. ↑ "Cut the Rope toys coming from Vivid". Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  34. ↑ "Apptivity™ Cut The Rope™". Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  35. ↑ "McDonald's Features Cut the Rope". licensemag.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  36. ↑ "Om Nom: The Movie Announced". IGN . June 8, 2015.
  37. ↑ "Adventure With Om Nom". lionstory.com.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.