In a neuron, synaptic vesicles store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. The release is regulated by a voltage-dependent calcium channel. Vesicles are essential for propagating nerve impulses between neurons and are constantly recreated by the cell. The area in the axon that holds groups of vesicles is an axon terminal or "terminal bouton". Up to 130 vesicles can be released per bouton over a ten-minute period of stimulation at 0.2 Hz. In the visual cortex of the human brain, synaptic vesicles have an average diameter of 39.5 nanometers (nm) with a standard deviation of 5.1 nm.
Protein unc-13 homolog D, also known as munc13-4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13D gene.
Syntaxin-1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX1A gene.
Programmed cell death protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD6 gene.
Hypoxia-inducible factor 3 alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIF3A gene.
Radixin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RDX gene.
Syntaxin-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STXBP1 gene. This gene encodes a syntaxin-binding protein. The encoded protein appears to play a role in release of neurotransmitters via regulation of syntaxin, a transmembrane attachment protein receptor. Mutations in this gene have been associated with neurological disorders including epilepsy, intellectual disability, and movement disorders.
Syntaxin-2, also known as epimorphin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX2 gene.
Regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RIMS1 gene.
Dynein light chain Tctex-type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYNLT1 gene.
Disks large-associated protein 1 (DAP-1), also known as guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLGAP1 gene. DAP-1 is known to be highly enriched in synaptosomal preparations of the brain, and present in the post-synaptic density.
Protein unc-13 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13B gene.
Rab-interacting lysosomal protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RILP gene.
Spectrin beta chain, brain 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPTBN2 gene.
ERC protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERC2 gene.
Syntaxin-binding protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STXBP5 gene. It is also known as tomosyn, after 友, "friend" in Japanese, for its role as a binding protein.
Double C2-like domain-containing protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DOC2B gene.
Syntaxin 3, also known as STX3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the STX3 gene.
Dmx-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DMXL2 gene.
Unc-13 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13A gene.
