David Garside

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David W. Garside is an inventor [1] and former project engineer at BSA's Kitts Green research facility. He is notable for having developed an air-cooled twin-rotor Wankel motorcycle engine which powered the Norton Classic road bike. [2] [3] Although the Classic was not the first production rotary-engined bike, it was significantly lighter, smoother, more powerful and better-handling than the contemporary Suzuki RE5. [4]

Contents

Personal history

In his book "Norton Rotaries", Kris Perkins states that "David Garside could rightly be called the father of the Norton Rotary". Garside studied mathematics and mechanical engineering at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he obtained a first class degree. He served an apprenticeship with Rolls Royce, and after a spell at the CEGB, he returned to Rolls Royce to work on diesel rotaries. He later moved to BSA as a development engineer at Kitts Green. After BSA was subsumed into NVT, over 90% of BSA's research projects were cancelled, but Garside managed to persuade NVT's boss, Dennis Poore to continue with the rotary programme. The project moved to Shenstone, near Lichfield, where production of bikes such as the Interpol took place. [5]

The Norton Classic

Norton Classic MyPicClassic.jpg
Norton Classic
NSU_Spider_Wankel NSU Spider Wankel.jpg
NSU_Spider_Wankel

Garside, who had been impressed by the Fichtel & Sachs engine in both the NSU Spider sports-car and a snowmobile, installed a bought-in F&S air-cooled single-rotor engine into a BSA B25 'Starfire' frame as a "proof of concept". This proved reliable and smooth, but under-powered. Garside then created a prototype twin-rotor engine (with F&S rotors), which doubled the capacity of the earlier test "mule". This twin-rotor engine was installed in a BSA A65 frame. [6] (In Europe, DKW later used a fan-cooled single-rotor F&S engine in the DKW Hercules motorcycle, but this was less radical and much less powerful than the Norton Classic).

Wankel engines run very hot, [7] so Garside gave this air-cooled motor additional interior air-cooling. Filtered air was drawn through an intake that was forward-facing to provide a ram air effect. This air was channelled initially to the rotating mainshaft and through the interior of the two rotors, then entering a large pressed-steel plenum before entering the combustion chambers via twin carburettors. [8] The plenum, which doubled as the bike's semi-monocoque frame, enabled the transfer of much of the heat to the surrounding atmosphere. (This idea was taken from the monocoque Ariel Arrow). [9] The carburation process further reduced temperatures via the heat of evaporation.

Even so, at 50 °C (122 °F) the fuel-air mixture was still hotter than ideal, and the engine's volumetric efficiency remained somewhat impaired. The eccentric shaft's main bearings and the inlet manifolds were fed by oil-injection lubrication, and the fuel-air mix also carried residual mist of oil from the interior of the rotors, which helped to lubricate the rotor tips. [10]

DKW Hercules branded bike with fan-cooled F&S engine DKW Wankel 2000.JPG
DKW Hercules branded bike with fan-cooled F&S engine

Notable innovations

Figure 1.
The Wankel KKM cycle:
A: Apex of the rotor.
B: The eccentric shaft.
The white portion is the lobe of the eccentric shaft.
The distance between A and B remains constant.
Produces three power pulses each revolution of the rotor.
Gives one power pulse per revolution of the output shaft. Wankel Cycle anim en.gif
Figure 1.
The Wankel KKM cycle:
  • A: Apex of the rotor.
  • B: The eccentric shaft.
  • The white portion is the lobe of the eccentric shaft.
  • The distance between A and B remains constant.
  • Produces three power pulses each revolution of the rotor.
  • Gives one power pulse per revolution of the output shaft.

To address the deficiencies of the air-cooled Norton Wankel engine, Garside went on to develop SPARCS (self-pressurising-air rotor cooling system), [11] a system that utilises self-pressurising blow-by gases as a cooling medium, absorbing higher levels of heat from the engine core and dispersing the heat by means of an external heat exchanger. This system provides superior heat rejection than standard air cooling methods. [12]

In addition to SPARCS, Garside also filed a patent in 2011 to develop a rotary exhaust expander unit or CREEV (compound rotary engine for electric vehicles) for use with Wankel rotary engines. [13] The CREEV system acts as an ‘exhaust reactor’ by consuming unburned exhaust products while expansion occurs, reducing overall emissions and improving thermal efficiency. [14]

In 2015, David Garside signed a licensing agreement with UK Midlands based engineers Advanced Innovative Engineering (UK) Ltd for exclusive use of his patents in their next generation Wankel rotary engines. [15]

Aero-engine derivative

The Norton Wankel engine was further developed at Staverton airport into the MidWest aero-engine. The MidWest engine's output increased from BSA's 85 bhp to nearly 110 bhp [16] by improving volumetric efficiency. This was achieved by feeding pressurised air to cool the rotors which was then dumped overboard (rather than fed to the combustion chambers); the engine received a fuel-air mixture with cool ambient air. [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wankel engine</span> Combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design

The Wankel engine is a type of internal combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into rotating motion. The concept was proven by German engineer Felix Wankel, followed by a commercially feasible engine designed by German engineer Hanns-Dieter Paschke. The Wankel engine's rotor, which creates the turning motion, is similar in shape to a Reuleaux triangle, with the sides having less curvature. The rotor spins inside a figure-eight-like epitrochoidal housing around a fixed-toothed gearing. The midpoint of the rotor moves in a circle around the output shaft, rotating the shaft via a cam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Two-stroke engine</span> Internal combustion engine type

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aircraft engine</span> Engine designed for use in powered aircraft

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norton Motorcycle Company</span> British motorcycle manufacturer

The Norton Motorcycle Company is a brand of motorcycles headquartered in Solihull, West Midlands,, England. For some years around 1990, the rights to use the name on motorcycles was owned by North American financiers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dennis Poore</span> British racing driver (1916–1987)

Roger Dennistoun Poore was a British racing driver, financier and entrepreneur. He became chairman of Norton Villiers Triumph (NVT) during the final years of the old British motorcycle industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shenstone, Staffordshire</span> Human settlement in England

Shenstone is a village and civil parish in The Lichfield District, Staffordshire, England, located between Lichfield and Sutton Coldfield. The parish also contains the village of Stonnall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Motorcycle engine</span> Engine that powers a motorcycle

A motorcycle engine is an engine that powers a motorcycle. Motorcycle engines are typically two-stroke or four-stroke internal combustion engines, but other engine types, such as Wankels and electric motors, have been used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BSA Rocket 3/Triumph Trident</span> 1960s/1970s British motorcycle made by Triumph Engineering, Meriden

The Triumph Trident and BSA Rocket 3 was a technically advanced, high-performance roadster motorcycle made by Triumph Engineering and BSA from 1968 to 1975, and sold under both the Triumph and BSA marques. Alongside the Honda CB750, and later the two-stroke Kawasaki triples, it brought a new level of sophistication to street motorcycles, marking the beginning of the superbike era. The Honda CB750 overshadowed the Trident to be remembered as the 'first superbike', in spite of the Triumph Trident actually debuting before the Honda by a few weeks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suzuki RE5</span> Japanese Wankel engine motorcycle

The Suzuki RE5 is a motorcycle with a liquid-cooled single-rotor Wankel engine, manufactured by Suzuki from 1974 to 1976. Apart from its unusual engine, the RE5 is mostly a conventional roadster, albeit with some peculiar styling details thanks to Italian industrial designer Giorgetto Giugiaro.

Norton Villiers Triumph (NVT) was a British motorcycle manufacturer, formed by the British government to continue the UK motorcycling industry, until the company's ultimate demise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hercules (motorcycle)</span>

Hercules was a brand of bicycle and motorcycle manufactured in Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norton Classic</span> Type of motorcycle

The Norton Classic is a rotary-engined motorcycle built in 1987 by Norton as a special edition of just 100 machines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norton Interpol 2</span> Type of motorcycle

The Interpol 2 is a Norton motorcycle produced from 1984 to 1989. It has an air-cooled twin rotor 588 cc (35.9 cu in) Wankel engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norton F1</span> Type of motorcycle

The Norton F1 is a road-going sports motorcycle that Norton based on its RCW588 racing motorcycle. The F1 was offered in only one livery: black with gold decals and grey and gold stripes, to reflect John Player's sponsorship of Norton's race team. It was distinctive for using a 588 cc liquid-cooled twin-rotor Wankel engine. This unit was developed from the motor in the Norton Commander.

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The MidWest AE series are lightweight, liquid-cooled, single- and twin-rotor Wankel engines, with dual ignition, designed for light aircraft. They were produced by Mid-West Engines Ltd. at Staverton Airport, Gloucestershire, UK.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Total-loss oiling system</span> Engine lubrication system

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internal combustion engine</span> Engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norton RCW588</span>

The Norton RCW588 is a Works Racing motorcycle, produced for the 1988 to 1994 racing seasons, initially with an air-cooled version of the road-going twin-rotor Wankel engine used in the Classic soon followed by watercooled versions from 1989.

References

  1. Garside's patents
  2. The Wankel Rotary Engine: A History By John B. Hege page 137, ISBN   978-0-7864-2905-9
  3. Denniss, Tony (1990). "The Norton Rotary" . Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  4. Perkins, Kris (1991). Norton Rotaries (pp 30, 36). The Crowood Press. ISBN   978-1-85532-181-6.
  5. Perkins, Kris (1991). Norton Rotaries (page 42). The Crowood Press. ISBN   978-1-85532-181-6.
  6. "Bike" magazine Summer 1973
  7. Note: unlike a reciprocating engine, where the combustion chamber is cooled by the incoming fuel-air charge, a Wankel engine's combustion zone is never cooled in this way and so always stay very hot.
  8. "Cycle World" magazine February 1971
  9. Bill Murray monograph 1985: "The decline of the British motorcycle industry"
  10. Bill Murray monograph 1985: "The decline of the British motorcycle industry"
  11. "World Intellectual Property Organization Pub. No: WO2009101385". World Intellectual Property Organization.
  12. Ian, Bamsey (April 2016). "Cool Running". Unmanned Systems Technology Magazine (7).
  13. "World Intellectual Property Organization Pub. No: WO/2009/115768". World Intellectual Property Organization.
  14. "CREEV | Advanced Innovative Engineering (UK) Ltd" . Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  15. https://www.aieuk.com/aie-sign-exclusive-licence-agreement-use-patented-engine-technology/
  16. MidWest Engines Ltd AE1100R Rotary Engine Manual
  17. The MidWest engines were both water-cooled (the rotor chambers having cooling jackets) and air-cooled, with a belt-driven centrifugal pump forcing pressurised cool air through the engine's interior.