| Desulfurella acetivorans | |
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| Species: | D. acetivorans |
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| Desulfurella acetivorans Bonch-Osmolovskaya et al. 1993 | |
Desulfurella acetivorans is a thermophilic acetate-oxidizing sulfur-reducing eubacterium. It is Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, motile, with a single polar flagellum. [1]
Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product or these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Thermococcus litoralis is a species of Archaea that is found around deep-sea hydrothermal vents as well as shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells. It is an anaerobic organotroph hyperthermophile that is between 0.5–3.0 μm (20–118 μin) in diameter. Like the other species in the order thermococcales, T. litoralis is an irregular hyperthermophile coccus that grows between 55–100 °C (131–212 °F). Unlike many other thermococci, T. litoralis is non-motile. Its cell wall consists only of a single S-layer that does not form hexagonal lattices. Additionally, while many thermococcales obligately use sulfur as an electron acceptor in metabolism, T. litoralis only needs sulfur to help stimulate growth, and can live without it. T. litoralis has recently been popularized by the scientific community for its ability to produce an alternative DNA polymerase to the commonly used Taq polymerase. The T. litoralis polymerase, dubbed the vent polymerase, has been shown to have a lower error rate than Taq but due to its proofreading 3’–5’ exonuclease abilities.
Thermoanaerobacter is a genus in the phylum Bacillota (Bacteria). Members of this genus are thermophilic and anaerobic, several of them were previously described as Clostridium species and members of the now obsolete genera Acetogenium and Thermobacteroides
Methanothrix soehngenii is a species of methanogenic archaea. Its cells are non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and are normally combined end to end in long filaments, surrounded by a sheath-like structure. It is named in honour of N. L. Söhngen.
Desulfuromonas acetoxidans is a species of bacteria. It is strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped, laterally flagellated and Gram-negative. It is unable to ferment organic substances; it obtains energy for growth by anaerobic sulfur respiration.
Desulfobulbus propionicus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic chemoorganotroph. Three separate strains have been identified: 1pr3T, 2pr4, and 3pr10. It is also the first pure culture example of successful disproportionation of elemental sulfur to sulfate and sulfide. Desulfobulbus propionicus has the potential to produce free energy and chemical products.
Chlorobaculum tepidum, previously known as Chlorobium tepidum, is an anaerobic, thermophilic green sulfur bacteria first isolated from New Zealand. Cells are gram-negative and non-motile rods of variable length. They contain bacteriochlorophyll c and chlorosomes.
Thermotoga neapolitana is a hyperthermophilic organism that is a member of the order Thermotogales.
Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans is a bacterium. It grows under strictly anaerobic conditions by disproportionation of thiosulfate or sulfite to sulfate and sulfide. ThAc01 is its type strain.
Methanococcus maripaludis is a species of methanogen. It is anaerobic, weakly motile, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative, and a pleomorphic coccoid-rod averaging 1.2 by 1.6 μm is size. Its genome has been sequenced.
Thermodesulforhabdus norvegica is a species of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria, the type and only species of its genus. It is gram-negative, acetate-oxidizing, with type strain A8444.
Methanococcoides methylutens is a methylotrophic marine methanogen, the type species of its genus. It utilises trimethylamine, diethylamine, monomethylamine, and methanol as substrates for growth and methanogenesis. Cells are non-motile, non-spore-forming, irregular cocci 1 μm in diameter which stain Gram-negative and occur singly or in pairs. TMA-10 is the type strain.
Thermococcus stetteri is an extremely thermophilic, marine, sulfur-metabolizing archaebacterium. It is anaerobic, its cells being irregular cocci 1 to 2 μm in diameter. Of the strains first isolated, two were motile due to a tuft of flagella, while the other two strains were nonmotile. Its type strain is K-3. It can grow on starch, pectin, and peptides, but not amino acids.
Desulfurella multipotens is a thermophilic sulfur-reducing eubacterium. It is 1.5–1.8 by 0.5–0.7 μm in size, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, with a single polar flagellum.
Desulfurella kamchatkensis is a thermophilic sulfur-reducing eubacterium. It is Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, with a single polar flagellum and type strain K-119T.
Desulfurella propionica is a thermophilic sulfur-reducing eubacterium. It is Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, with type strain n U-8T.
Pectinatus frisingensis is a species of anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria first isolated from spoilt beer.
Fervidobacterium islandicum is a species of extremely thermophilic anaerobic bacteria, first isolated from an Icelandic hot spring.
Desulfobacter latus is a sulfate-reducing bacteria, with type strain AcRS2.
Acidilobus aceticus is a thermoacidophilic species of anaerobic archaea. The species was originally described in 2000 after being isolated from hot springs in Kamchatka. It is the type species of the genus Acidilobus.
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