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Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are of interest as bio-derived and biodegradable plastics. The poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) form of PHB is probably the most common type of polyhydroxyalkanoate, but other polymers of this class are produced by a variety of organisms: these include poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV), polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH), polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO) and their copolymers.
PLGA, PLG, or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) is a copolymer which is used in a host of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapeutic devices, owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. PLGA is synthesized by means of ring-opening co-polymerization of two different monomers, the cyclic dimers (1,4-dioxane-2,5-diones) of glycolic acid and lactic acid. Polymers can be synthesized as either random or block copolymers thereby imparting additional polymer properties. Common catalysts used in the preparation of this polymer include tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, tin(II) alkoxides, or aluminum isopropoxide. During polymerization, successive monomeric units are linked together in PLGA by ester linkages, thus yielding a linear, aliphatic polyester as a product.
Alcaligenes faecalis is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the environment. It was originally named for its first discovery in feces, but was later found to be common in soil, water, and environments in association with humans. While opportunistic infections do occur, the bacterium is generally considered nonpathogenic. When an opportunistic infection does occur, it is usually observed in the form of a urinary tract infection.
β-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as 3-hydroxybutyric acid, is an organic compound and a beta hydroxy acid with the chemical formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H; its conjugate base is β-hydroxybutyrate, also known as 3-hydroxybutyrate. β-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound with two enantiomers: D-β-hydroxybutyric acid and L-β-hydroxybutyric acid. Its oxidized and polymeric derivatives occur widely in nature. In humans, D-β-hydroxybutyric acid is one of two primary endogenous agonists of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).
Delftia litopenaei is a Gram-negative, short-rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, motile bacterium from the Comamonadaceae family, which was isolated from a freshwater shrimp culture pond in Taiwan. It has the ability to accumulate poly-β-hydroxybutyrate.
Variovorax paradoxus is a gram negative, beta proteobacterium from the genus Variovorax. Strains of V. paradoxus can be categorized into two groups, hydrogen oxidizers and heterotrophic strains, both of which are aerobic. The genus name Vario-vorax and species name para-doxus (contrary-opinion) reflects both the dichotomy of V. paradoxus metabolisms, but also its ability to utilize a wide array of organic compounds.
Streptomyces exfoliatus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces exfoliatus has the ability to degrade poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate). this species produces exfoliatin and exfoliamycin.
Streptomyces omiyaensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Japan. Streptomyces omiyaensis produces chloramphenicol and pentalenolactone P.
Methylocystis parvus is a methylotroph bacterium species from the genus of Methylocystis.
Marinobacter aromaticivorans is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and slightly halotolerant bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from sediments from the South China Sea. Marinobacter aromaticivorans has the ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Nocardiopsis aegyptia is a Gram-positive and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Nocardiopsis which has been isolated from marine sediments from the Abu Qir Bay from Alexandria in Egypt. Nocardiopsis aegyptia can degrade poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB).
Massilia umbonata is a bacterium from the genus Massilia which has been isolated from soil and sewage sludge compost in Jaén in Spain.
Microbacterium xylanilyticum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, xylan-degrading and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from sludge in Cheongju in Korea.
Caldimonas manganoxidans is a Gram-negative, aerobic and thermophilic bacterium from the genus Caldimonas which has been isolated from a hot spring.
Diaphorobacter is a genus of bacteria from the family of Comamonadaceae.
Diaphorobacter aerolatus is a Gram-negative, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Diaphorobacter which has been isolated from air from Suwon in Korea.
Diaphorobacter nitroreducens is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Diaphorobacter which has been isolated from activated sludge in Japan.
Diaphorobacter oryzae is a bacterium from the genus of Diaphorobacter which has been isolated from paddy soil from Cheongju in Korea.
Diaphorobacter ruginosibacter is a Gram-negative and non-endospores-forming bacterium from the genus of Diaphorobacter which has been isolated from root nodule of soybean plant near Baoji in China.
Gemmobacter tilapiae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Gemmobacter which has been isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Diaphorobacter". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Diaphorobacter polyhydroxybutyrativorans". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ "Details: DSM-29460". www.dsmz.de.
- 1 2 Qiu, T; Zuo, Z; Gao, J; Gao, M; Han, M; Sun, L; Zhang, L; Wang, X (September 2015). "Diaphorobacter polyhydroxybutyrativorans sp. nov., a novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-degrading bacterium isolated from biofilms". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65 (9): 2913–8. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.000353. PMID 26012582.
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