The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is 8,900 km (5,530 mi) long and 200 to 700 km wide and has an average height of about 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The Andes extend from South to North through seven South American countries: Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela.
The geography of Chile is extremely diverse, as the country extends from a latitude of 17° South to Cape Horn at 56° and from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Andes in the east. Chile is situated in southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean and a small part of the South Atlantic Ocean. Chile's territorial shape is considered among the world's most unusual; from north to south, the country extends 4,270 km (2,653 mi), and yet it only averages 177 km (110 mi) in width. Chile reaches from the middle of South America's west coast straight down to the southern tip of the continent, where it curves slightly eastward. The Diego Ramírez Islands and Cape Horn, the southernmost points in the Americas where the Pacific and Atlantic oceans meet, are Chilean territory. Chile's northern neighbors are Peru and Bolivia, and its border with Argentina to the east, at 5,150 km (3,200 mi), is the world's third-longest. The total land area is 756,102 km2 (291,933 sq mi). The very long coastline of 6,435 km (3,999 mi) gives Chile the 11th largest exclusive economic zone of 3,648,532 km2 (1,408,706 sq mi).
Chubut is a province in southern Argentina, situated between the 42nd parallel south, the 46th parallel south, the Andes range to the west, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The province's name derives from the Tehuelche word chupat, meaning "transparent", their description of the Chubut River.
The Nazca Plate or Nasca Plate, named after the Nazca region of southern Peru, is an oceanic tectonic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin off the west coast of South America. The ongoing subduction, along the Peru–Chile Trench, of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate is largely responsible for the Andean orogeny. The Nazca Plate is bounded on the west by the Pacific Plate and to the south by the Antarctic Plate through the East Pacific Rise and the Chile Rise respectively. The movement of the Nazca Plate over several hotspots has created some volcanic islands as well as east–west running seamount chains that subduct under South America. Nazca is a relatively young plate both in terms of the age of its rocks and its existence as an independent plate having been formed from the break-up of the Farallon Plate about 23 million years ago. The oldest rocks of the plate are about 50 million years old.
The Andean Volcanic Belt is a major volcanic belt along the Andean cordillera in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It is formed as a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones which are separated by volcanic gaps. The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products, and morphology. While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences within volcanic zones and even between neighboring volcanoes. Despite being a type location for calc-alkalic and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a broad range of volcano-tectonic settings, as it has rift systems and extensional zones, transpressional faults, subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains as well as a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths and different amounts of crustal assimilations.
The Andean orogeny is an ongoing process of orogeny that began in the Early Jurassic and is responsible for the rise of the Andes mountains. The orogeny is driven by a reactivation of a long-lived subduction system along the western margin of South America. On a continental scale the Cretaceous and Oligocene were periods of re-arrangements in the orogeny. The details of the orogeny vary depending on the segment and the geological period considered.
Calabozos is a Holocene caldera in central Chile's Maule Region. Part of the Chilean Andes' volcanic segment, it is considered a member of the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ), one of the three distinct volcanic belts of South America. This most active section of the Andes runs along central Chile's western edge, and includes more than 70 of Chile's stratovolcanoes and volcanic fields. Calabozos lies in an extremely remote area of poorly glaciated mountains.
Cliniodes vinacea is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1964. It is found in the Andes from Colombia to central Bolivia. It is also found in northern Venezuela.
Cliniodes opalalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It is found in Central America, north to southern Mexico. It is also found in Cuba, Jamaica and in the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia. It has also been recorded from northern Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago and north-eastern Brazil.
Dicepolia aerealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2009. It is found in Costa Rica (Guanacaste) and Venezuela (Barinas).
Dicepolia amazonalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2009. It is found in the central Amazon basin, along the main trunk of the Amazon River and its tributaries.
Dicepolia cuiabalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2009. It is found in Brazil, where it has been recorded from Mato Grosso.
Dicepolia vaga is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2009. It is found in the Andes in Ecuador, as well as in Panama and montane Jamaica.
Dicepolia venezolalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2009. It is found in Amazonas in Venezuela and in French Guiana.
Dicepolia nigritinctalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2010. It is found in Cuba and Chiapas in Mexico.
Dicepolia munroealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Viette in 1960. It is found in Madagascar.
Dicepolia roseobrunnea is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Warren in 1889. It is found from central and northern Bolivia and south-eastern Peru to north-eastern Brazil, from the Pantanal to the coastal range of the northern Andes, Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. It has also been recorded from Honduras.
Dicepolia rufeolalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Paul Mabille in 1900. It is found on Madagascar.
Pantographa scripturalis, the Andean leaf-roller, is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It is found in South America from Colombia to Bolivia. The habitat consists of cloud forests, where it has been recorded from altitudes between 800 and 1,800 meters.
The Andean foreland basins or Sub-Andean basins are a group of foreland basins located in the western half of South America immediately east of the Andes mountains. The Andean foreland basins in the Amazon River's catchment area are known as the Amazonian foreland basins.
