Elektron (alloy)

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Elektron is the registered trademark of a wide range of magnesium alloys manufactured by a British company, Magnesium Elektron Limited.

Contents

There are about 100 alloys in the Elektron range, containing from 0% to 9.5% of some of the following elements in varying proportions: aluminium (< 9.5%), yttrium (5.25%), neodymium (2.7%), silver (2.5%), gadolinium (1.3%), zinc (0.9%), zirconium (0.6%), manganese (0.5%) and other rare-earth metals. [1]

Varying amounts of alloying elements (up to 9.5%) added to the magnesium result in changes to mechanical properties such as increased tensile strength, creep resistance, thermal stability or corrosion resistance. Elektron is unusually light and has a specific gravity of about 1.8 compared with the 2.8 of aluminium alloy, or the 7.9 of steel. [2] Magnesium's relatively low density makes its alloy variants suitable for use in auto racing and aerospace engineering applications.

History

Elektron or Elektronmetall was first developed in 1908 by Gustav Pistor and Wilhelm Moschel at the Bitterfeld works of Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron (CFGE or CFG), the headquarters of which was in Griesheim am Main, Germany. [3] [4] The composition of the initial Elektron alloy was approximately Mg 90%, Al 9%, other 1%. At its pavilion at the International Aviation Fair (Internationale Luftschiffahrt-Ausstellung, ILA) in Frankfurt am Main in 1909, CFG exhibited an Adler 75HP engine with a cast magnesium alloy crankcase. [5] Also exhibiting at the 1909 Frankfurt Air Exhibition was August Euler (1868–1957) – owner of German pilot's licence No. 1 – who manufactured Voisin biplanes under licence in Griesheim am Main. His Voisins with Adler 50 hp engines flew in October 1909. [6]

CFG joined the newly created IG Farben as an associate company in 1916. During the Allied Occupation after World War I, a Major Charles J. P. Ball, DSO, MC, of the Royal Horse Artillery was stationed in Germany. He later joined F. A. Hughes and Co. Ltd., which began manufacturing elektron in the UK under licence from IG Farben from around 1923. [7]

CFG merged fully with the IG Farben conglomerate in 1925 along with Versuchsbau Hellmuth Hirth (a copper alloy manufacturer), to form another company, Elektronmetall Bad Cannstatt Stuttgart. In 1935, IG Farben, ICI and F. A. Hughes and Co. (22% shares) founded Magnesium Elektron Ltd. of Clifton, Greater Manchester. The company is still manufacturing alloys in 2017. [8] [9]

Uses

Elektron has been used in Zeppelin airships, aircraft, and motor racing applications.

Incendiary bombs using elektron were developed towards the end of the First World War by both Germany (the B-1E Elektronbrandbombe or Stabbrandbombe) and the UK. Although neither side used this type of bomb operationally during the conflict, Erich Ludendorff mentions in his memoirs a plan to bomb Paris with a new type of incendiary bomb with the aim of overwhelming the city's fire services; [10] this planned raid was also reported in Le Figaro on 21 December 1918. [11] The lightness of elektron meant that a large aeroplane like the Zeppelin-Staaken R-type bomber could carry hundreds of bomblets. [12]

British and German incendiary bombs used extensively during World War II weighed about 1 kg and consisted of an outer casing made of elektron alloy, which was filled with thermite pellets and fitted with a fuse. The fuse ignited the thermite, which in turn ignited the magnesium casing; it burned for about 15 minutes. Trying to douse the fire with water only intensified the reaction. It could not be extinguished and burned at such a high temperature that it could penetrate armour plate. [13]

In 1924, magnesium alloys (AZ; 2,5–3,0% Al; 3,0–4,0% Zn) were used in automobile pistons diecast by Elektronmetall Bad Cannstatt, another IG Farben company formed out of Versuchsbau Hellmuth Hirth.

The main engine bearers of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and the Junkers Ju 87 were made from forged elektron. [14] The air-cooled BMW 801 radial aero engine that powered the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 had a radiator fan made of magnesium alloy, very probably elektron.

An advertisement in the German trade paper Flugsport in 1939 claimed that the record-breaking Arado Ar 79 aircraft contained 25% by weight of elektron, mostly in the Hirth HM 504 A2 4-cylinder inline engine whose crankcase was made of Elektron. [15]

The connectors for the fuel pipes in the engine compartment of Tiger II tanks were originally made of elektron, but they distorted when clamped and were replaced with steel ones. [16]

Siemens-Halske used elektron casings for their Hellschreiber military teleprinter used during WW2. [17]

The prototype 4-seater 1948 Planet Satellite had a monocoque fuselage of elektron, a solid elektron keel and wings skinned in elektron, but the keel suffered from stress failures and never reached production. [18]

The bodywork of certain racing cars utilized elektron, including the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR that infamously crashed in the 1955 Le Mans race, highlighting its flammability. [19]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Woldman, Norman E. (2000). John P. Frick (ed.). Woldman's Engineering Alloys. Materials data series. ASM International. pp. 394–396. ISBN   9780871706911.
  2. ↑ "Glossary E". Aeroplane Monthly. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  3. ↑ McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology. Routledge Companion Encyclopedias. Taylor & Francis. pp. 114–7. ISBN   9780415013062.
  4. ↑ Aichele, G. (September 2007). "Deutsche Magnesium-Produktion in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhundert" (PDF). International Aluminium Journal (in German). 83: 84–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  5. ↑ Friedrich, Horst E.; Mordike, Barry L. (2006). Magnesium Technology: Metallurgy, Design Data, Applications. Springer. pp. 4–5. ISBN   9783540308126.
  6. ↑ von Lüneberg, Hans (2003). Geschichte der Luftfahrt, Volume 1: Geschichte, Flugzeuge (in German). Reinhard Welz Vermittler Verlag e.K. ISBN   9783937081625.
  7. ↑ "Advertisements: Industry" (PDF). Flight: 17. 27 June 1935. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  8. ↑ "Company history". MEL Chemicals. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  9. ↑ Wagner, Dieter (May 2006). "Chemische Fabrik Griesheim – Pioneer of Electrochemistry". Journal of Business Chemistry. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  10. ↑ Ludendorff, Erich (1919). Mein Kriegserinnerungen 1914–1918 (My War Memoirs 1914–1918) (in German). Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. p. 565. "Because of the gravity of our position, the Supreme Command could not hope that air-raids on London and Paris would make the enemy more disposed to sue for peace. Permission was therefore refused for the use of a particularly effective incendiary bomb, expressly designed for attacks on the two capitals, which had been produced in great quantities during the month of August (1918) and which was to have been used in the air-bombardment of the two capitals. The considerable destruction which would have ensued would no longer be enough to influence the course of the war; one could not tolerate carrying out such destruction for its own sake."
  11. ↑ The Mail (Adelaide), 21 December 1918, p. 1.
  12. ↑ Hanson, Neil. First Blitz, Doubleday, London, 2008. p. 314 (Chapter 17).
  13. ↑ Holman, Brett (23 October 2007). "A not very possible fact". Airminded – Air power and British Society 1908–1941. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  14. ↑ Brown, Robert E. (17 May 2018). "Review of magnesium for the 75th anniversary of the IMA" (PDF). pp. 4–5. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  15. ↑ "Werkstoff-Volumenanteile der 'AR' 79" [Materials proportions by volume of the AR 79 (advertising back matter) ]. Flugsport (in German). 31 (8). Frankfurt/Main: 229 [pdf 32]. 12 April 1939.
  16. ↑ Jentz, Thomas L.; Doyle, H. L. (1997b). Germany's Tiger Tanks: VK 45.02 to Tiger II - Design, Production and Modifications. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. p. 64. ISBN   9780764302244.
  17. ↑ Dorenberg, F. (2010) Feld-Hellschreiber Components. Accessed 10 October 2013.
  18. ↑ Pearce, William (June 2021). "Planet Satellite Light Aircraft". Old Machine Press. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  19. ↑ Spurring, Quentin (2011). Le Mans 1949-59. Sherborne, Dorset: Evro Publishing ISBN   9781844255375, p. 217.
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