Emanuel Moravec

Last updated

Czech pronunciation: [ˈmoravɛts] ; 17 April 1893 – 5 May 1945) was a Czech army officer and writer who served as the collaborationist Minister of Education of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia between 1942 and 1945. He was also chair of the Board of Trustees for the Education of Youth, a fascist youth organisation in the protectorate.

Contents

In World War I, Moravec served in the Austro-Hungarian Army, but following capture by the Russians he changed sides to join Russian-backed Serbian forces and then the Czechoslovak Legion, which went on to fight on the side of the White Army in the Russian Civil War. During the interwar period he commanded an infantry battalion in the Czechoslovak Army. As a proponent of democracy during the 1930s, Moravec was outspoken in his warnings about the expansionist plans of Germany under Adolf Hitler and appealed for armed action rather than capitulation to German demands for the Sudetenland. In the aftermath of the German occupation of the rump Czechoslovakia, he became an enthusiastic collaborator, realigning his political worldview towards fascism. He committed suicide in the final days of World War II.

Unlike some officials of the short-lived protectorate government, whose reputations were rehabilitated in whole or in part after the war, Moravec's good reputation did not survive his tenure in office and he has been widely derided as a "Czech Quisling".

Early life and education

Emanual Moravec was born in Prague, the son of a modest merchant family originally from Kutná Hora. [1] : 145  [lower-alpha 1] He graduated from a vocational school and found employment as a clerk at a Prague company. [1] : 145  At the outbreak of World War I, Moravec was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army and dispatched with his unit to the Carpathian Front. [1] : 145 

Moravec was captured by the Imperial Russian Army in 1915 and held at a prisoner-of-war camp in Samarkand. He was subsequently paroled and given command of a machine-gun platoon in the First Serbian Volunteer Division; a unit consisting of former prisoners of war, including Serbs and other Slavs from the countries of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, fighting on the Russian side. [1] : 145  [lower-alpha 2] In September 1916, following fierce action against Bulgarian forces along the Dobrudzha Front, Moravec was hospitalized with shell shock. [1] : 146  [4] Upon his release, he joined the Czechoslovak Legion, falsely claiming to hold an engineering degree to receive an officer's commission. [1] : 146  [4] [5]

The Czechoslovak Legion, a volunteer unit composed of diaspora Czechs and Slovaks as well as deserters from the Austro-Hungarian Army, had been formed in 1917 to support the Allies; it later became involved in the Russian Civil War, fighting on the side of the White Russians. [6] Over the next two years, Moravec saw combat with the Legion in Russia. [1] : 146 

Career

First Czechoslovak Republic

Moravec returned to a newly independent Czechoslovakia at the end of World War I with the legionary rank of captain. [4] He was accepted into Prague's War School and, upon graduation, commissioned as a major in the Czechoslovak Army. He ultimately came to command the 1st Field Battalion of the 21st Infantry Regiment in Znojmo. [4] Simultaneous with his military career, Moravec contributed to newspapers and magazines, including Lidové noviny , on political and military matters. Writing under the pen name Stanislav Yester, he won the Baťa Prize for Journalism. [4] [7] [8]

In 1931 Moravec was appointed an instructor at the War School and promoted to colonel. [4] In his writings, Moravec had become increasingly emphatic about the growing ambitions of Nazi Germany. He called for Czechoslovakia to form an alliance with Poland and Italy against what he saw as a rising German threat. [4] Moravec came to be seen as one of Czechoslovakia's leading geopolitical strategists and caught the attention of President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. [4] Moravec wrote the preface to a printed edition of one of Masaryk's addresses to the Czechoslovak Army. [9] : 272  In it, he signaled his support for the creation of the democratic state of Czechoslovakia that had come out of World War I, as well as his personal loyalty to Masaryk:

The age of democracy has given us a new man, who has spoken and demanded to be heard in every field of human activity. This new man has given us also a new soldier with new tasks and duties ... No one ... has said so much healthy about the new soldier as President Masaryk. [9] : 272 

When Masaryk died in 1935, Moravec served as one of the pallbearers at his funeral. [1] : 146  In 1938 Moravec warned that "if Czechoslovakia should fall, France would find herself politically on the European periphery". [10] Moravec argued that the head of the Danube Basin was guarded by what he described as the "fortress of Bohemia" – the land barrier that marked the natural border between eastern and western Europe. [11] If a state were to take Czechoslovakia it would, therefore, control the head of the Danube basin and be free to strike against either France or Poland with ease. [11] Although Moravec was concerned with German political and military aims he generally rejected some of the more extreme aspects of anti-German thought, taking a cautiously receptive approach to Emanuel Rádl's thesis which posited the existence of an irrational Czech racism towards Germans. [9] : 217 

Munich Agreement

In 1938 German demands for the Sudetenland came to a head. In September, General Jan Syrový, inspector-general of the Czechoslovak Army, was installed by President Edvard Beneš as prime minister. [12] : 201  In response to the German ultimatum, Syrový declared that "further concessions from our side are no longer possible"; 42 Czechoslovak divisions were mobilized in preparation for an expected German invasion. [12] : 201–202  By the end of September, with Czechoslovakia abandoned by France and Britain, and territorial demands piled on from Poland, Beneš backtracked on Czechoslovakia's refusal to accept further German requests. [13] [14]

At this time, as well as holding his army post, Moravec was serving as a member of the Committee for the Defense of the Republic, a nationalist pressure group led by the son of the former Czechoslovak finance minister Alois Rašín. [4] [12] : 205  In that capacity he sought an audience with Beneš during the last week of September, on the eve of the Munich ratification. [4] During a two-hour confrontation with Beneš, Moravec pleaded with the president to declare war against Germany, and not capitulate to German demands. [1] : 148  [4] His pleas went unheeded. [4]

Second Czechoslovak Republic

The Munich Agreement left Moravec disillusioned with both Western democracies and Beneš' diplomatic competence. [15] According to Moravec, "apostles without courage" had led Czechoslovakia to capitulation. He expressed anger at the government's evocation of national ideals in its announcement of the agreement, declaring that a state unwilling to defend its ideals should not boast of them in the same way "a whore has no right to boast of her honor". [16] As a further expression of his contempt for the government, he mockingly requested leave to join the army of El Salvador. [16]

During the short-lived Second Czechoslovak Republic, with Prague actively seeking to appease Germany to avoid further territorial losses, Moravec was forced to quit teaching at the military academy. [15] Moreover, he found himself prohibited by the government from writing for newspapers due to concerns that the incendiary, anti-German nature of his editorials would be unduly provocative. [15] [17]

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

An excerpt from a newsreel showing Moravec at the 1944 Week of Czech Youth in Prague.
Excerpt from a radio broadcast by Emanuel Moravec
Emanuel Moravec was the original target of what became known as Operation Anthropoid, but Reinhard Heydrich (pictured) was ultimately selected for assassination. Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-054-16, Reinhard Heydrich.jpg
Emanuel Moravec was the original target of what became known as Operation Anthropoid, but Reinhard Heydrich (pictured) was ultimately selected for assassination.

On 16 March 1939, Germany occupied the rump Czechoslovak state and the German-controlled Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was declared. [18] According to František Moravec, [lower-alpha 3] Emanuel Moravec attempted to leave the Czech lands prior to the German arrival and join the military cadre being sent abroad. [19] [lower-alpha 4] His offer of service was rejected. [19] Moravec was particularly concerned that his earlier denunciations of Germany, and his reputation as a strident anti-German polemicist, might make him a target of the new regime. [19] He was surprised, therefore, when the new German authorities informed him he could resume writing books and newspaper columns. [4] Moravec returned to writing with gusto and a reoriented editorial line, declaring "our nation could have died in war [with Germany]. Now the whole nation will die of fright and fear". [16]

Writing in V úloze mouřenína – Československá tragedie 1938, the most popular of his works, Moravec sought to more fully reconcile his support for the Germans with his earlier calls for resistance. He indicted Beneš and the intelligentsia for Czechoslovakia's defeat and declared it was the unwillingness of the elite to confront Germany militarily that demonstrated democracy's moral decay, thereby ultimately justifying its termination:

... the mottoes humanism and democracy were fluttering about everywhere, but the Czech nation was actually living off its great military tradition of Hussitism and revolutionary armies. All attempts to smother the old-soldierly character that was in the blood of this people led nowhere. The soppy lemonade of moribund pacifism offered in the fragile glass of the League of Nations (that was after 1919 already cracked) was enjoyed only by a group of the intelligentsia that had a particularly girlish character. [9] : 224 

In 1941 Moravec helped found the Board of Trustees for the Education of Youth, a fascist youth group, and served as its chairman. [17] The following year, Reinhard Heydrich who, in his role as the Berlin-appointed Deputy Protector of Bohemia and Moravia held penultimate day-to-day authority in the protectorate, compelled President Emil Hácha to appoint Moravec as the protectorate's education minister. [17] Unlike other protectorate ministries, the education ministry under Moravec was given a measure of autonomy and not required to report to an overseer in the office of the Reich Protector. [21] As with all protectorate ministers, Moravec's mandate to hold office was at the pleasure of the Reich Protector, as set-out in the 16 March 1939 decree of the German government. [22]

Policies and initiatives as Minister of Education

By the time Moravec was given authority for the education ministry, Czech universities had been closed, school textbooks revised, and more than 1,000 student leaders deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [23] [24]

In his new post as minister of education, Moravec instituted the study of German as a compulsory subject in schools, explaining that it would become a lingua franca of Europe: "[e]very Czech who desires to excel in the future must acquire the German language so that work opportunities in all fields are open to them not only in the Reich, but also in Europe and the whole world ... learn German in order that the Czechs' good reputation can spread way beyond the frontiers of Bohemia and Moravia". [9] : 229  He also promoted the idea of Czech culture as a historic component of Germanic culture. [9] : 236–238  The Czech Women's Center, originally founded during the Second Republic as a group of professional women seeking greater gender equality, operated under Moravec's auspices. It was at his suggestion that it became a leading advocate for nutritional education. [25]

Moravec did not limit himself to educational questions. In 1943 he advanced a proposal to deploy the Army of the Protectorate to the Eastern Front in support of German operations. [26] Hácha discussed the proposal with Reich Minister for Bohemia and Moravia Karl Hermann Frank who ultimately decided not to forward it to Adolf Hitler. [26]

Moravec reportedly offered the noted Czech journalist Ferdinand Peroutka release from Buchenwald concentration camp in exchange for accepting a position writing for the newspaper Lidové noviny, an offer Peroutka declined. [27]

Anti-Semitism

During his tenure as education minister, Moravec adopted an anti-Semitic worldview that largely mirrored that of the Nazi Party. It positioned Germany as fighting a war to save humanity from Judaism. [9] : 255–256  Moravec publicly blamed Jews for pre-war tensions between the former Czechoslovakia and Germany. He claimed that "Jewish capitalist interests hitched themselves to Anglo-French strategic interests and, entirely artificially and cunningly, escalated Czech hatred of the German nation to a state of unbounded fury." In Tatsachen und Irrtümer ("Facts and Errors") Moravec declared that the annexation of the Czech lands to Germany would benefit Czechs "because the Jews have been excluded from the German nation, the agents of capitalism have been rendered powerless in Germany". [9] : 224 

Assassination target

In the winter of 1939–40, the Czechoslovak resistance group known as the Three Kings attempted to kill Moravec with a letter bomb. [9] : 239  The Czechoslovak government-in-exile also considered targeting Moravec for assassination, but decided to go after Heydrich instead in what became known as Operation Anthropoid. [28] Following Heydrich's death, Moravec was a keynote speaker at several mass rallies throughout the Protectorate. These were intended to demonstrate the opposition of ordinary Czechs to Heydrich's killing. [9] : 239–240 

Death

During the Prague Uprising of May 1945, Moravec attempted to drive to a radio station under German control in the hope of broadcasting an appeal for calm. [15] When the vehicle he was traveling in ran out of fuel Moravec dismounted and shot himself in the head with a pistol, presumably to avoid capture. [15] He died four days before the liberation of Prague.

Personal life

Moravec was a Master Mason, a fact that earned him contempt from some in the pre-Protectorate Czech fascist community such as the Vlajka . [1] : 148  [lower-alpha 5]

Both Moravec and his private secretary, Franz Stuchlik, were keen rock collectors. [30] After Moravec's death, his collection was confiscated by the Czechoslovak state and donated to the National Museum. [30] As of 2015, 107 mineral samples from Moravec's private collection were still held by the museum. [30]

Marriages

Moravec was married three times. His first wife, Helena Georgijevna Beka, whom he met while a prisoner of war in Samarkand, was a close relative of the prominent Bolshevik Alexei Rykov. [1] : 147  [4] With her he had two sons, Igor (1920-1947) and Jurij (1923-1964). [31] In 1932 he was divorced and, in April that year, married Pavla Szondy, who gave birth to Moravec's third son, Pavel. [31] This marriage also ended in separation, Moravec and Szondy divorcing in 1938. [31] : 79–80  In 1942 Moravec married Jolana Emmerová, his housemaid, who was only sixteen when their relationship caused the end of his previous marriage. [32]

Children

Igor fought on the Eastern Front as a volunteer with the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf. His younger brother, Jurij, served in the Wehrmacht's 137th Infantry Division and unlike Igor was privately critical of his father's political views. [31] While serving in France, Jurij was caught drunk on guard duty and sentenced to six months imprisonment and a one grade demotion. [31] At the request of Emanuel Moravec, Frank personally appealed to OKW operations chief Generaloberst Alfred Jodl in the matter and the younger Moravec's sentence was quashed. [31]

Pavel was sent to school in Salzburg after the establishment of the Protectorate and died in an air raid in 1944. Igor was arrested and executed by hanging at the end of the war on charges of murder and treason. [31] [33] Jurij was arrested and sentenced to a prison term at the end of the war and upon release emigrated to West Germany. [31]

Legacy

In the Czech television series Ceske stoleti, Moravec is portrayed by Daniel Landa (pictured). Daniel Landa Theatre Kalich in Prague 2007.JPG
In the Czech television series České století, Moravec is portrayed by Daniel Landa (pictured).

Denounced by the Allies and the Czech government-in-exile during World War II as a "Czech Quisling", [15] [19] Moravec has been described by John Laughland as "an enthusiastic collaborator" with Nazi Germany. [34] This contrasts with other protectorate-era officials like Emil Hácha, whom Laughland calls "a tragic figure", [34] or Jaroslav Eminger, who was later completely exonerated for his service in the Protectorate government. [35] During the 2006 presentation of the Gratias Agit Award, given annually by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs to recognize those who promote the Czech Republic, foreign minister Cyril Svoboda declared that "... we are also a country of those who have deformed our good name, people [such] as Emanuel Moravec, Klement Gottwald". [36] [37]

Czech historian Jiří Pernes has argued that had Moravec died before March 1939 he would have been remembered as a well-regarded Bohemian patriot; his pre-war record was sufficiently distinguished to earn him a place in history. [4]

In 1997 Pernes published a biography of Moravec. [38] [39] He was later criticized for the volume which, it was alleged, was heavily plagiarized from a doctoral dissertation on Moravec's life written by Josef Vytlačil. [38]

In 2013, Daniel Landa portrayed Moravec in an episode of the Czech historical drama television series České století  [ cs ] (Czech Century), titled "Den po Mnichovu (1938)" ("The Day after Munich"). The episode centres on Moravec' fierce opposition to president Beneš' capitulation to the invading German forces, ending with their face-to-face discussion. A mid-credits scene then reveals Moravec' later conversion to Nazi ideology. [40] The episode suggests an ambivalence between genuine and pathological national pride, also by casting Landa, himself a known and controversial nationalist. [41]

Publications

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Prague in Danger: The Years of German Occupation, 1939–45: Memories and History, Terror and Resistance, Theater and Jazz, Film and Poetry, Politics and War by Peter Demetz consists of "political and cultural history [interspersed] with snippets of memoir". [2] References to this volume used in this article do not draw on the book's "snippets of memoir".
  2. ↑ Many Czech prisoners held by Russia volunteered for service in the Czechoslovak Legion. At the time Moravec was captured, the Legion had yet to be formed and he eagerly enlisted with the Serbian unit instead. [3] [1] : 148 
  3. ↑ František Moravec bore no relation to Emanuel Moravec. [19]
  4. ↑ Czechoslovak agents within the Wehrmacht alerted the military to the coming German annexation several days in advance. [20] Hours before the arrival of German forces, a cadre of Czechoslovak Army intelligence personnel were ordered to evacuate the country to preserve the continuity of the intelligence service. [20] Operations centers were subsequently established in London and Paris. [20]
  5. ↑ Nazi hostility to Freemasonry originated in a belief by Hitler that "through it, Jews sidestepped the racial and legal barriers that marginalized them in European society". [29] Because Freemasonry had no biological component, it was not unusual for Masons to simply stop self-identifying as such as a means of demonstrating regime loyalty. [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czechoslovakia</span> Country in Central Europe from 1918 to 1992

Czechoslovakia was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Nazi Germany, while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland. Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and Carpathian Ruthenia became part of Hungary, while in the remainder of the Czech Lands, the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Masaryk</span> Czechoslovak diplomat and politician (1886–1948)

Jan Garrigue Masaryk was a Czech diplomat and politician who served as the Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia from 1940 to 1948. American journalist John Gunther described Masaryk as "a brave, honest, turbulent, and impulsive man".

The First Czechoslovak Republic emerged from the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in October 1918. The new state consisted mostly of territories inhabited by Czechs and Slovaks, but also included areas containing majority populations of other nationalities, particularly Germans (22.95 %), who accounted for more citizens than the state's second state nation of the Slovaks, Hungarians (5.47 %) and Ruthenians (3.39 %). The new state comprised the total of Bohemia whose borders did not coincide with the language border between German and Czech. Despite initially developing effective representative institutions alongside a successful economy, the deteriorating international economic situation in the 1930s gave rise to growing ethnic tensions. The dispute between the Czech and German populations, fanned by the rise of Nazism in neighbouring Germany, resulted in the loss of territory under the terms of the Munich Agreement and subsequent events in the autumn of 1938, bringing about the end of the First Republic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)</span> Period of Czechoslovak history

The military occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany began with the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938, continued with the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and by the end of 1944 extended to all parts of Czechoslovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</span> Partially-annexed territory of Germany in Central Europe (1939–45)

The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a partially-annexed territory of Nazi Germany that was established on 16 March 1939 after the German occupation of the Czech lands. The protectorate's population was mostly ethnic Czech.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emil Hácha</span> Czech politician

Emil Dominik Josef Hácha was a Czech lawyer, the president of Czechoslovakia from November 1938 to March 1939. In March 1939, after the breakup of Czechoslovakia, Hácha was the nominal president of the newly proclaimed German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich</span> 1942 assassination in Prague

Reinhard Heydrich, the commander of the German Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the acting governor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a principal architect of the Holocaust, was assassinated during the Second World War in a coordinated operation by the Czechoslovak resistance. The assassination attempt, code-named Operation Anthropoid, was carried out by resistance operatives Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš on 27 May 1942. Heydrich was wounded in the attack and died of his wounds on 4 June.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Konrad Henlein</span> Sudeten German politician, Gauleiter, SS-Obergruppenführer

Konrad Ernst Eduard Henlein was a Sudeten German politician in Czechoslovakia prior to World War II. After Germany invaded Czechoslovakia he became the Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of Reichsgau Sudetenland under the occupation of Nazi Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Syrový</span> Czechoslovak general and prime minister of Czechoslovakia

Jan Syrový was a Czechoslovak general who was the prime minister of Czechoslovakia during the Munich Crisis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl Hermann Frank</span> Reichsminister for Bohemia and Moravia, SS-Obergruppenführer

Karl Hermann Frank was a Sudeten German Nazi official in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia prior to and during World War II. Attaining the rank of Obergruppenführer, he was in command of the Nazi police apparatus in the protectorate, including the Gestapo, the SD, and the Kripo. After the war, he was tried, convicted and executed by hanging for his role in organizing the massacres of the people of the Czech villages of Lidice and Ležáky.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alois Eliáš</span> Czechoslovak general and politician (1890–1942)

Alois Eliáš was a Czech general and politician. He served as prime minister of the puppet government of the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from 27 April 1939 to 27 September 1941 but maintained contact with the government-in-exile. Because of his participation in the anti-Nazi resistance, he was the only head of government who was murdered by the Nazis during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaroslav Krejčí</span> Czechoslovak politician (1892–1956)

Jaroslav Krejčí was a Czech lawyer and Nazi collaborator. He served as the prime minister of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from 28 September 1941 to 19 January 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Czechoslovak Republic</span> 1918–1938 republic in Central/Eastern Europe

The First Czechoslovak Republic, often colloquially referred to as the First Republic, was the first Czechoslovak state that existed from 1918 to 1938, a union of ethnic Czechs and Slovaks. The country was commonly called Czechoslovakia, a compound of Czech and Slovak; which gradually became the most widely used name for its successor states. It was composed of former territories of Austria-Hungary, inheriting different systems of administration from the formerly Austrian and Hungarian territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">František Moravec</span>

František Moravec CBE was the chief Czechoslovak military intelligence officer before and during World War II. He moved to the United States after the war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Czechoslovak Republic</span> 1938–1939 republic in Central/Eastern Europe

The Second Czechoslovak Republic existed for 169 days, between 30 September 1938 and 15 March 1939. It was composed of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and the autonomous regions of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus', the latter being renamed Carpathian Ukraine on 30 December 1938.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</span> Government-in-exile during World War II

The Czechoslovak government-in-exile, sometimes styled officially as the Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia, was an informal title conferred upon the Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee, initially by British diplomatic recognition. The name came to be used by other Allied governments during the Second World War as they subsequently recognised it. The committee was originally created by the former Czechoslovak President, Edvard Beneš in Paris, France, in October 1939. Unsuccessful negotiations with France for diplomatic status, as well as the impending Nazi occupation of France, forced the committee to withdraw to London in 1940. The Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile offices were at various locations in London but mainly at a building called Fursecroft, Marylebone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</span> Resistance movements within German-occupied Czechoslovakia during WWII

Czechoslovak resistance to the German occupation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia during World War II began after the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia and the formation of the protectorate on 15 March 1939. German policy deterred acts of resistance and annihilated organizations of resistance. In the early days of the war, the Czech population participated in boycotts of public transport and large-scale demonstrations. Later on, armed communist partisan groups participated in sabotage and skirmishes with German police forces. The most well-known act of resistance was the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. Resistance culminated in the so-called Prague uprising of May 1945; with Allied armies approaching, about 30,000 Czechs seized weapons. Four days of bloody street fighting ensued before the Soviet Red Army entered the nearly liberated city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edvard Beneš</span> Czechoslovak politician (1884–1948)

Edvard Beneš was a Czech politician and statesman who served as the president of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938, and again from 1939 to 1948. During the first six years of his second stint, he led the Czechoslovak government-in-exile during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Partnership</span> Political party in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

National Partnership was the only authorized political party in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Membership was mandatory for all Czech male full-aged citizens of the Protectorate.

<i>Arijský boj</i> Fascist Czech newspaper (1940–1945)

Arijský boj was a pro-Nazi Czech-language weekly tabloid newspaper published between May 1940 and May 1945 in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Inspired by the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer, the newspaper made antisemitism its main theme and was also critical of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile. Denunciations published by the newspaper contributed to the isolation of Jews during the first years of the Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Demetz, Peter (2008). Prague in Danger: The Years of German Occupation, 1939–45: Memories and History, Terror and Resistance, Theater and Jazz, Film and Poetry, Politics and War. London: Macmillan. pp. 145–148. ISBN   978-0-374-28126-7. OCLC   862148563.
  2. ↑ "Prague in Danger: The Years of German Occupation, 1939–1945". Publishers Weekly . 14 January 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  3. ↑ Kerziouk, Olga (8 August 2017). "'A Czechoslovakian epic': the Czechoslovak Legion in the Russian Revolution". bl.uk. British Library. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Emanuel Moravec: Symbol zrady". Život (in Slovak). 19 April 2008. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  5. ↑ Uhlíř, Jan (2006). "Emanuel Moravec. Český nacionální socialista". Časopis Historie a Vojenství (in Czech). 55 (2): 51.
  6. ↑ Johnstone, Chris (18 August 2010). "The Czechoslovak Legions". Radio Prague . Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  7. ↑ Lukes, Igor (1996). Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Beneš in the 1930s. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN   978-0-19-510266-6. OCLC   464049269.
  8. ↑ Šiška, Jakub (25 May 2013). "Emanuel Mroavec – Symbol der Kollaboration mit den Nazis". Radio Prague (in German). Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pynsent, Robert (November 2007). "Conclusory Essay: Activists, Jews, The Little Czech Man, and Germans" (PDF). Central Europe. 5 (2): 217, 224–225, 229, 236–240, 255–256, 272. doi:10.1179/174582107x190906. S2CID   144749278.
  10. ↑ "The Nation that's Bound to Get Hurt". Hartford Courant . newspapers.com. North American Newspaper Alliance. 27 March 1938. p. 11. Retrieved 25 February 2018.(subscription required)
  11. 1 2 Miller, Guy (18 September 1938). "If Hitler Crushes Czechs, All Central Europe is His". Pittsburgh Press . newspapers.com. p. 27. Retrieved 26 February 2018.(subscription required)
  12. 1 2 3 Agnew, Hugh (2013). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Washington, D.C.: Hoover Press. pp. 201, 205. ISBN   978-0-8179-4493-3. OCLC   968091705.
  13. ↑ Hauner, Milan L. (October 2003). "Edvard Beneš' Undoing of Munich: A Message to a Czechoslovak Politician in Prague". Journal of Contemporary History . 38 (4): 563–564. doi:10.1177/00220094030384003. JSTOR   3180709. S2CID   159642460.
  14. ↑ Cienciala, Anna M. (1999). "The Munich crisis of 1938: Plans and strategy in Warsaw in the context of the western appeasement of Germany". Diplomacy and Statecraft. 10 (2): 50–51. doi:10.1080/09592299908406125.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Johnstone, Chris (7 December 2011). "Emanuel Moravec – the Face of Czech Collaboration with the Nazis". Radio Prague . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  16. 1 2 3 Lukes, Igor (Spring 1993). "Stalin and Beneš at the End of September 1938: New Evidence from the Prague Archives". Slavic Review. 52 (1): 47. doi:10.2307/2499583. ISSN   2325-7784. JSTOR   2499583. S2CID   163953051.(subscription required)
  17. 1 2 3 Frommer, Benjamin (2005). National Cleansing: Retribution Against Nazi Collaborators in Postwar Czechoslovakia. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN   978-0-521-00896-9. OCLC   803946928.
  18. ↑ Bessel, Richard (2009). Nazism and War. New York: Random House. p. 87. ISBN   978-0-307-55852-7. OCLC   893656982.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Disher, Leo (6 June 1943). "Czechs Have Same Name but Nothing Else in Common". Coschocton Tribune. newspapers.com. United Press International. p. 4. Retrieved 27 February 2018.(subscription required)
  20. 1 2 3 "Historie Vojenského Zpravodajství" (PDF). Military Intelligence (Czech Republic) (in Czech). Army of the Czech Republic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  21. ↑ Bryant, Chad (2009). Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 145. ISBN   978-0-674-02451-9. OCLC   961899315.
  22. ↑ "Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 2119-PS". Project Avalon. Yale University . Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  23. ↑ "Closing of Czech universities by Nazis remembered in Prague". Prague Monitor. Czech News Agency. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  24. ↑ Lemkin, Raphael (2008). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. Clark, New Jersey: Lawbook Exchange. pp. 138–139. ISBN   978-1-58477-901-8.
  25. ↑ Bucur, Maria (2006). Gender and War in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 103. ISBN   978-0-253-11193-7. OCLC   896994115.
  26. 1 2 Vít, Machálek. "How it was with the Government Army in 1943". cejsh.icm.edu.pl. Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. ISSN   1733-4934. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  27. ↑ Baer, Josette (2015). Seven Czech Women: Portraits of Courage, Humanism, and Enlightenment. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 92. ISBN   978-3-8382-6710-4. OCLC   927497553.
  28. ↑ Jaggers, R.C. (22 September 1993). "The Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich" (PDF). Center for the Study of Intelligence. Central Intelligence Agency. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  29. 1 2 Campbell, Thomas (2011). Compass, Square and Swastika: Freemasonry in the Third Reich (PDF) (PhD). Texas A&M University. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  30. 1 2 3 "Národní muzeum a mineralogové v době nacismu". muzeum3000.nm.cz (in Czech). National Museum (Prague). 13 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plachy, Jiří (January 2009). "Synové Emanuela Moravce". Historie a vojenství (in Czech). pp. 79–80. ISSN   0018-2583.
  32. ↑ Miroslava, Burianová (2013). Móda v ulicích protektorátu. Prague: Grada. p. 205. ISBN   978-80-247-5020-0.
  33. ↑ "Son of Czech Quisling Executed for Treason". Chicago Tribune . newspapers.com. Reuters. 6 May 1947. p. 7. Retrieved 27 February 2018.(subscription required)
  34. 1 2 Laughland, John (2008). A History of Political Trials: From Charles I to Saddam Hussein. Bern: Peter Lang. p. 132. ISBN   978-1-906165-00-0. OCLC   958451235.
  35. ↑ "Ecce Homo – Jaroslav Eminger". Czech Radio (in Czech). 15 September 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  36. ↑ "Presentation of the 2006 Gratias Agit Prize 4 May 2006 Remarks by Cyril Svoboda, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic". Czech Dialog. June 2006. ISSN   1210-2784. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  37. ↑ "Gratias Agit Award". Public Diplomacy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  38. 1 2 Borufka, Sarah (5 December 2010). "Pernes Removed as Director of Institute for Study of Totalitarian Regimes After Less than Month and Half". Radio Prague . Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  39. ↑ "Opponents of historian George Pernes point out: See what a plagiarist is". Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). 16 April 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  40. ↑ "Den po Mnichovu (1938)". ceskatelevize.cz (in Czech). Česká televize. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  41. ↑ Kabát, Marcel (4 November 2013). "České století není lehce stravitelné sousto aneb Landa v životní roli kolaboranta" [Czech Century is not an easily digestible bite, or, Landa in the role of his life as a collaborationist]. lidovky.cz (in Czech). Lidové noviny . Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Moravec, Emanuel 1893–1945". Worldcat. OCLC . Retrieved 1 March 2018.

Further reading

Emanuel Moravec
E M 1893 1945 Plk Cs Armady.jpg
Minister of Education
of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
In office
January 1942 –May 1945
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Education of Bohemia and Morava
1942–1945		Succeeded by
Position abolished
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.