| FMNL3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | FMNL3 , FHOD3, WBP-3, WBP3, FRL2, formin like 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 616288 MGI: 109569 HomoloGene: 69101 GeneCards: FMNL3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Formin-like protein 3 (FMNL3), also known as WW domain-binding protein 3 (WBP-3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FMNL3 gene. [5] [6]
The protein encoded by this gene contains a formin homology 2 domain and has high sequence identity to the mouse Wbp3 protein. Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. [5] The C-terminus has been shown to accelerate actin polymerization activity of this protein through its WH2-like motif. [7] FMNL3 has been crystallized in complex with actin providing insight into the mechanism of formin-mediated actin nucleation. [8]
The Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) is a 502-amino acid protein expressed in cells of the hematopoietic system that in humans is encoded by the WAS gene. In the inactive state, WASp exists in an autoinhibited conformation with sequences near its C-terminus binding to a region near its N-terminus. Its activation is dependent upon CDC42 and PIP2 acting to disrupt this interaction, causing the WASp protein to 'open'. This exposes a domain near the WASp C-terminus that binds to and activates the Arp2/3 complex. Activated Arp2/3 nucleates new F-actin.
Cortactin is a monomeric protein located in the cytoplasm of cells that can be activated by external stimuli to promote polymerization and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, especially the actin cortex around the cellular periphery. It is present in all cell types. When activated, it will recruit Arp2/3 complex proteins to existing actin microfilaments, facilitating and stabilizing nucleation sites for actin branching. Cortactin is important in promoting lamellipodia formation, invadopodia formation, cell migration, and endocytosis.
Formins (formin homology proteins) are a group of proteins that are involved in the polymerization of actin and associate with the fast-growing end (barbed end) of actin filaments. Most formins are Rho-GTPase effector proteins. Formins regulate the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and are involved in various cellular functions such as cell polarity, cytokinesis, cell migration and SRF transcriptional activity. Formins are multidomain proteins that interact with diverse signalling molecules and cytoskeletal proteins, although some formins have been assigned functions within the nucleus.
Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WASL gene.
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein family member 1, also known as WASP-family verprolin homologous protein 1 (WAVE1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WASF1 gene.
Pre-mRNA-processing factor 40 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPF40A gene.
Formin-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FNBP1 gene.
Profilin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PFN2 gene.
Ena/VASP-like protein is a member of the Ena/VASP family of proteins that in humans is encoded by the EVL gene.
FH1/FH2 domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FHOD1 gene.
Formin-binding protein 1-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FNBP1L gene.
Formin-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FMNL1 gene.
WW domain-binding protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WBP4 gene.
Formin-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FMNL2 gene.
WW domain-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WBP1 gene.
Protein cordon-bleu is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COBL gene.
The Actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA) is a protein encoded and used by Listeria monocytogenes to propel itself through a mammalian host cell. ActA is a bacterial surface protein comprising a membrane-spanning region. In a mammalian cell the bacterial ActA interacts with the Arp2/3 complex and actin monomers to induce actin polymerization on the bacterial surface generating an actin comet tail. The gene encoding ActA is named actA or prtB.
mDia1 is a member of the protein family called the formins and is a Rho effector. It is the mouse version of the diaphanous homolog 1 of Drosophila. mDia1 localizes to cells' mitotic spindle and midbody, plays a role in stress fiber and filopodia formation, phagocytosis, activation of serum response factor, formation of adherens junctions, and it can act as a transcription factor. mDia1 accelerates actin nucleation and elongation by interacting with barbed ends of actin filaments. The gene encoding mDia1 is located on Chromosome 18 of Mus musculus and named Diap1.
Inverted formin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INF2 gene. It belongs to the protein family called the formins. It has two splice isoforms, CAAX which localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and non-CAAX which localizes to focal adhesions and the cytoplasm with enrichment at the Golgi. INF2 plays a role in mitochondrial fission and dorsal stress fiber formation. INF2 accelerates actin nucleation and elongation by interacting with barbed ends of actin filaments, but also accelerates disassembly of actin through encircling and severing filaments.
SPIRE1 is a protein that interacts with actin monomers and actin nucleating formin proteins. SPIRE1 was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster. SPIRE1 contains an N-terminal KIND domain which binds formins and four actin-binding WH2 domains which nucleate actin filaments.
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