| FSTL1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | FSTL1 , FRP, FSL1, MIR198, follistatin like 1, OCC-1, OCC1, tsc36 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 605547 MGI: 102793 HomoloGene: 5144 GeneCards: FSTL1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Follistatin-related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FSTL1 gene. [5] [6] [7]
This gene encodes a protein with similarity to follistatin, an BMP-4-binding protein. [8] It binds to BMP-4 and TGF-β1, but not Activin A. [8] It contains an FS module (a follistatin-like sequence containing 10 conserved cysteine residues), a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor domain, 2 EF hand domains, and a Von Willebrand factor type C domain. [7]
FSTL1 has a role in development, [9] [10] such as lung development, [8] [11] ureter development, [12] central nervous system development, [13] and skeletal development. [11]
This gene product is thought to be an autoantigen associated with rheumatoid arthritis. [7]
FSTL1 up-regulates proinflammatory mediators important in the pathology of arthritis, and serum levels of FSTL1 correlate with severity of arthritis. [14] [15] [16]
FSTL1 protein seems to have a cardioprotective role. FSTL1 attenuated hypertrophy following pressure overload [17] and prevented myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in a mouse or pig model of ischemia/reperfusion. [18] Muscle-derived Fstl1 modulates vascular remodelling in response to injury. [19]
FSTL1 has been shown to have a pronounced ability as a possible therapeutic to stimulate regeneration following myocardial infarction. Treating experimental animals (mouse and pig) with FSTL1 after myocardial infarction progressively restored heart function, at least in part by stimulating replication of normally non-dividing heart muscle cells [20]
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 or BMP7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP7 gene.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by BMP4 gene. BMP4 is found on chromosome 14q22-q23.
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP6 gene.
Bone morphogenetic protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP5 gene.
SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD6 gene.
Chordin is a protein with a prominent role in dorsal–ventral patterning during early embryonic development. In humans it is encoded for by the CHRD gene.
Follistatin also known as activin-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FST gene. Follistatin is an autocrine glycoprotein that is expressed in nearly all tissues of higher animals.
Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1B gene.
Activin receptor type-2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2B gene. ACVR2B is an activin type 2 receptor.
BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor homolog , also known as BAMBI, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BAMBI gene.
Growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF2) also known as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF2 gene. GDF2 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.
Growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3), also known as Vg-related gene 2 (Vgr-2) is protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF3 gene. GDF3 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It has high similarity to other TGF-β superfamily members including Vg1 and GDF1.
Homeobox protein MSX-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSX1 gene. MSX1 transcripts are not only found in thyrotrope-derived TSH cells, but also in the TtT97 thyrotropic tumor, which is a well differentiated hyperplastic tissue that produces both TSHß- and a-subunits and is responsive to thyroid hormone. MSX1 is also expressed in highly differentiated pituitary cells which until recently was thought to be expressed exclusively during embryogenesis. There is a highly conserved structural organization of the members of the MSX family of genes and their abundant expression at sites of inductive cell–cell interactions in the embryo suggest that they have a pivotal role during early development.
Frizzled-3(Fz-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FZD3 gene.
Frizzled-6(Fz-6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FZD6 gene.
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXADR gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane receptor for group B coxsackie viruses and subgroup C adenoviruses. CAR protein is expressed in several tissues, including heart, brain, and, more generally, epithelial and endothelial cells. In cardiac muscle, CAR is localized to intercalated disc structures, which electrically and mechanically couple adjacent cardiomyocytes. CAR plays an important role in the pathogenesis of myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and in arrhythmia susceptibility following myocardial infarction or myocardial ischemia. In addition, an isoform of CAR (CAR-SIV) has been recently identified in the cytoplasm of pancreatic beta cells. It's been suggested that CAR-SIV resides in the insulin secreting granules and might be involved in the virus infection of these cells.
Follistatin-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FSTL3 gene.
The Transmembrane protein with an EGF-like and two follistatin-like domains 2 (TMEFF2) gene is located on chromosome 2q32-q33 and encodes a 374-residue long single polypeptide, type-I transmembrane proteoglycan. According to the HUGO gene nomenclature committee, the aliases of TMEFF2 include,HPP1, Tomoregulin (TR), Transmembrane protein TENB2 (TENB2), Cancer/testis antigen family 120, member 2 (CT120.2) and Transmembrane protein containing EGF and follistatin domains (TPEF). TMEFF2 was identified and characterized by at least five independent groups within the time span of approximately a year.
Homeobox protein goosecoid(GSC) is a homeobox protein that is encoded in humans by the GSC gene. Like other homeobox proteins, goosecoid functions as a transcription factor involved in morphogenesis. In Xenopus, GSC is thought to play a crucial role in the phenomenon of the Spemann-Mangold organizer. Through lineage tracing and timelapse microscopy, the effects of GSC on neighboring cell fates could be observed. In an experiment that injected cells with GSC and observed the effects of uninjected cells, GSC recruited neighboring uninjected cells in the dorsal blastopore lip of the Xenopus gastrula to form a twinned dorsal axis, suggesting that the goosecoid protein plays a role in the regulation and migration of cells during gastrulation.
Sal-like protein 3, also known as zinc finger protein SALL3, is a protein that in humans in encoded by the SALL3 gene.
