5.3 cm Fahrpanzer | |
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Place of origin | German Empire |
Service history | |
In service | 1892–1945 |
Wars | Balkan Wars World War I |
Production history | |
Designer | Hermann Gruson |
Designed | 1890 |
Manufacturer | H. Gruson Eisengiesserei & Maschinenfabrik Buckau |
Produced | 1892 |
Specifications | |
Mass | Travel: 2,940 kg (6,480 lb) Combat: 2,240 kg (4,940 lb) [1] |
Barrel length | 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) L/24.5 |
Shell | Fixed QF 53 x 176 R [2] |
Shell weight | 1.75 kg (3 lb 14 oz) |
Caliber | 5.3 cm (2.1 in) |
Breech | Falling block action |
Carriage | Horse cart for transport, 60 cm (24 in) military gauge tracks |
Elevation | -10° to +10° |
Traverse | 360° [1] |
Rate of fire | 30–35 rpm |
Muzzle velocity | 495 m/s (1,620 ft/s) |
Maximum firing range | 3 km (2 mi) [1] |
5.7 cm Fahrpanzer | |
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Place of origin | German Empire |
Service history | |
Wars | Balkan Wars World War I |
Specifications | |
Mass | Travel: 3,600 kg (7,900 lb) Combat: 2,550 kg (5,620 lb) [3] |
Barrel length | 1.46 m (4 ft 9 in) L/25.6 |
Shell | Fixed QF 57 x 250 R [2] |
Shell weight | 2.7–4 kg (5 lb 15 oz – 8 lb 13 oz) |
Caliber | 5.7 cm (2.2 in) |
Breech | Falling block action |
Carriage | Horse cart for transport, 60 cm rail track on site |
Elevation | -10° to +10° |
Traverse | 360° [3] |
Rate of fire | 30–35 rpm |
Muzzle velocity | 495 m/s (1,620 ft/s) |
Maximum firing range | 5.5 km (3 mi) [3] |
The Fahrpanzer was a mobile artillery piece made prior to World War I in Germany, implemented in several German fortifications from 1890 onwards and exported to several foreign military powers prior to the outbreak of hostilities.
Beginning in 1878 the German industrialist Hermann Gruson's company located in Magdeburg, Germany specialized in the design and construction of armored gun turrets for fortifications. In 1892 Gruson's company merged with Krupp which greatly increased production capacity and the market for their designs. Gruson works turrets could be found in fortifications in Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, and Italy. One of his company's products was the Fahrpanzer, which was a type of mobile armored pillbox.
As designed, the Fahrpanzer was mounted on narrow gauge railroad trucks and was wheeled along 60 cm (24 in) military gauge tracks to its battle station. When not in use it would be pushed into a protective bunker to avoid damage during heavy bombardment. The Fahrpanzer was not autonomous: as originally designed it could only be pushed into place and rearmed from outside. It is not clear whether in practice any Fahrpanzer were retrofitted to be self-propelled or self-reloading. However, artillery pieces of any kind were in short supply during World War I, and many Fahrpanzers were removed from their fortifications and installed in forward trenches by the Germans. [4]
For road transport, the Fahrpanzers had purpose-built horse-drawn carriages. Most export models of the Fahrpanzer were sold with such a carriage, and it appears some export Fahrpanzer remained affixed to their carriages for the duration of their military career. All Fahrpanzer were fully armored and operated by a two-man crew. They may have been positioned and rearmed by the gun crew, or by handlers stationed outside the weapon. In any event, the lack of self-propulsion and self-rearming capability placed its operators at risk. The Fahrpanzer could have benefitted from continued development to equip it with such capabilities, however, the emergence of fully autonomous armored tanks on the battlefield effectively rendered the concept obsolete. A period illustration clearly showing several remote-controlled, machine gun-armed Fahrpanzer engaged in trench warfare does exist, however, no photos or documents exist to suggest the idea ever evolved past the conceptual stage. [4] [ failed verification ]
The armament of the Fahrpanzer consisted of one quick-fire gun ranging in size from 37–65 mm (1.5–2.6 in) with the most common sizes being 3.7 cm, 5.3 cm, and 5.7 cm. The Fahrpanzer's guns were capable of +10 degrees and -10 degrees elevation, mounted in a 360-degree rotating turret. The shells were fed from inside by the two-man gun crew, who would be fully protected by the Fahrpanzer's armor until it ran out of ammunition. In practice the firing of the gun destabilized the Fahrpanzer badly, reducing the accuracy of the crew's aim. Since the Fahrpanzer had limited elevation it was a direct fire anti-personnel weapon meant to fire on infantry assaults in the open and the most common types of shells were common, canister and shrapnel. [4] In addition to the Fahrpanzer the Germans also used the 5.3 cm gun in retractable Gruson Works turrets designated the 5 cm SchnellFeuer Kanone in Panzerlafette and a version on a wheeled pedestal mount designated the 5 cm SchnellFeuer Kanone in Kasemattenlafette for use in armored casemates in German frontier fortifications. [5]
Austria-Hungary also produced the 6 cm Fahrpanzer Kanone M98 and the 6 cm Kasemattkanone M98/M99 to arm their fortifications. Despite being designated 6 cm they were actually 5.7 cm guns and the Austro-Hungarian Army designation system just rounded up to the nearest centimeter. [6] The Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Bulgaria also purchased 5.7 cm variants of the Gruson guns. The Bulgarians bought Fahrpanzers while the Italian guns were mounted in retractable turrets such as those at Colle delle Finestre. However, due to a shortage of field artillery, the Royal Italian Army removed a number of guns from fortifications on their western border and placed them on simple two-wheeled box trail carriages for use as infantry support guns under the designation Cannone da 57/25 Gruson.
Tunul “Gruson”, calibrul 53 mm, model 1887/1916 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Place of origin | Kingdom of Romania | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Service history | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In service | 1916–1919 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wars | World War I Hungarian–Romanian War | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Romania purchased 334 Gruson Fahrpanzers, in the 53 mm caliber. These were initially deployed on the Siret Line at Focșani (15 batteries, with 6 turrets each), Nămoloasa (24 batteries of 3–5 turrets), Galați (30 batteries of 6 turrets and 10 batteries of 3 turrets) and Brateș (10 turrets). The bridgeheads (not part of that Line) at Cernavodă and Turtucaia were equipped with 28 turrets, and the one at Silistra was equipped with 17 turrets. These guns remained in their emplacements for about twenty years, before being transformed into infantry guns between 1914 and 1916 by mounting them on Romanian-built gun carriages. A few were transformed into anti-aircraft guns. [8]
The Fahrpanzer on display in the Army Museum in Brussels has long been cited as the only remaining example; however, pictures of restored Fahrpanzers can be found originating from Bulgaria, [9] Greece, Switzerland, France, and South America. There are also numerous Fahrpanzers on display in the Polish Army Museum and Museum of Polish Military Technology, both in Warsaw. There is at least one in Viña del Mar, on the beach near Valparaiso, Chile, at the Naval Gun Museum. [10]
The 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41 is a German 88 mm anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery gun, developed in the 1930s. It was widely used by Germany throughout World War II and is one of the most recognized German weapons of the conflict. The gun was universally known as the Acht-acht ("eight-eight") by the Germans and the "eighty-eight" by the Allies. Due to its lethality, especially as a tank killer, the eighty-eight was greatly feared by Allied soldiers.
The M10 tank destroyer was an American tank destroyer of World War II. After US entry into World War II and the formation of the Tank Destroyer Force, a suitable vehicle was needed to equip the new battalions. By November 1941, the Army requested a vehicle with a gun in a fully rotating turret after other interim models were criticized for being too poorly designed. The prototype of the M10 was conceived in early 1942 and delivered in April that year. After appropriate changes to the hull and turret were made, the modified version was selected for production in June 1942 as the 3-inch Gun Motor Carriage M10. It mounted a 3-inch gun M7 in a rotating turret on a modified M4 Sherman tank chassis. An alternate model, the M10A1, which used the M4A3 variant chassis, was also produced. Production of the two models ran from September 1942 to December 1943 and October 1942 to November 1943, respectively.
A disappearing gun, a gun mounted on a disappearing carriage, is an obsolete type of artillery which enabled a gun to hide from direct fire and observation. The overwhelming majority of carriage designs enabled the gun to rotate backwards and down behind a parapet, or into a pit protected by a wall, after it was fired; a small number were simply barbette mounts on a retractable platform. Either way, retraction lowered the gun from view and direct fire by the enemy while it was being reloaded. It also made reloading easier, since it lowered the breech to a level just above the loading platform, and shells could be rolled right up to the open breech for loading and ramming. Other benefits over non-disappearing types were a higher rate of repetitive fire and less fatigue for the gun crew.
The 17 cm Kanone 18 in Mörserlafette, abbreviated as 17 cm K 18 in MrsLaf was a German heavy gun used during World War II.
The Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893 was a medium-caliber naval gun used as the secondary armament of a number of French pre-dreadnoughts and armoured cruisers during World War I. It was used as railway artillery in both World Wars and as coastal artillery in World War II.
The 28 cm SK L/40 was a German naval gun that was used in World War I and World War II as the main armament of the Braunschweig- and Deutschland-class pre-dreadnoughts.
The 17 cm SK L/40 was a Kaiserliche Marine naval gun that was used on two classes of German pre-dreadnought battleships the Braunschweig-class and the Deutschland-class as their secondary battery. Later they were adapted for land service during World War I and World War II.
The 24 cm K L/35 was a German naval gun developed in the years before World War I that armed ships of the Imperial German Navy, Argentine Navy and the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Guns removed from ships of the Imperial German Navy were modified to perform Coastal Artillery and Railway Artillery roles and saw service in both world wars. The actual bore diameter was 23.8 cm (9.4 in), but the classification system for artillery rounded up to the next highest centimeter.
The EOC 8 inch 45 caliber were a family of related 8-inch (203 mm) 45 caliber naval guns designed by the Elswick Ordnance Company and manufactured by Armstrong for export customers before World War I. In addition to being produced in the United Kingdom licensed variants were produced in Italy and in Japan. Users of this family of gun included the navies of Argentina, Chile, China, Italy, Japan and Spain. This family of guns saw action in the Spanish–American War, Boxer Rebellion, Russo-Japanese War, Italo-Turkish War, World War I and World War II. In addition to its naval role it was later used as coastal artillery and siege artillery after the ships it served on were decommissioned.
The 9 cm Kanone C/73 was a field gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany before and during World War I.
The 9 cm Kanone C/79 was a fortress and siege gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany before and during World War I.
The 12 cm Kanone C/80 was a fortress and siege gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany before and during World War I.
The 15 cm Ring Kanone C/92 was a fortress and siege gun developed in the 1880s that saw service in the Italo-Turkish War, Balkan Wars, and World War I.
The 8 cm Kanone C/80 was a field gun developed during the late 1800s by Krupp for the export market. It saw action in numerous regional conflicts as well as World War I.
The 10.5 cm Festungs und Belagerungs Kanone C/85 was a fortress and siege gun produced in Germany and used by Romania during the Second Balkan War and World War I.
The 7.5 cm GebirgsKanone 13 or 7.5 cm GebK 13 was a mountain gun used by Germany and the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
The 21 cm Haubitze M1891 or (21 cm Howitzer Model 1891) in English was a fortress gun built by Krupp that armed the forts of several European countries before World War I. Two countries that bought the M1891 were Belgium and Romania. In Belgian service it was designated Obusier de 21c.A. and in Romanian service it was designated Obuzierul Krupp, calibrul 210 mm, model 1891.
The 7.5 cm GebirgsKanone 06 was a mountain gun built by Krupp that was used by several countries during the 1900s.
The 28 cm RK L/22 was a 28 cm caliber Krupp Ring Kanone used for coastal defence. It was a rifled breech loader with a Krupp cylindroprismatic sliding breech.
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