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A personality test is a method of assessing human personality constructs. Most personality assessment instruments are in fact introspective self-report questionnaire measures or reports from life records (L-data) such as rating scales. Attempts to construct actual performance tests of personality have been very limited even though Raymond Cattell with his colleague Frank Warburton compiled a list of over 2000 separate objective tests that could be used in constructing objective personality tests. One exception however, was the Objective-Analytic Test Battery, a performance test designed to quantitatively measure 10 factor-analytically discerned personality trait dimensions. A major problem with both L-data and Q-data methods is that because of item transparency, rating scales and self-report questionnaires are highly susceptible to motivational and response distortion ranging all the way from lack of adequate self-insight to downright dissimulation depending on the reason/motivation for the assessment being undertaken.
The Big Five personality traits is a suggested taxonomy, or grouping, for personality traits, developed from the 1980s onward in psychological trait theory.
Diane F. Halpern is an American psychologist and former president of the American Psychological Association (APA). She is Dean of Social Science at the Minerva Schools at KGI and also the McElwee Family Professor of Psychology at Claremont McKenna College. She is also past-president of the Western Psychological Association, The Society for the Teaching of Psychology, and the Division of General Psychology.
Sandra Ruth Lipsitz Bem was an American psychologist known for her works in androgyny and gender studies. Her pioneering work on gender roles, gender polarization and gender stereotypes led directly to more equal employment opportunities for women in the United States.
Cross-cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions. Through expanding research methodologies to recognize cultural variance in behavior, language, and meaning it seeks to extend and develop psychology. Since psychology as an academic discipline was developed largely in North America and Europe, some psychologists became concerned that constructs and phenomena accepted as universal were not as invariant as previously assumed, especially since many attempts to replicate notable experiments in other cultures had varying success. Since there are questions as to whether theories dealing with central themes, such as affect, cognition, conceptions of the self, and issues such as psychopathology, anxiety, and depression, may lack external validity when "exported" to other cultural contexts, cross-cultural psychology re-examines them using methodologies designed to factor in cultural differences so as to account for cultural variance. Some critics have pointed to methodological flaws in cross-cultural psychological research, and claim that serious shortcomings in the theoretical and methodological bases used impede, rather than help the scientific search for universal principles in psychology. Cross-cultural psychologists are turning more to the study of how differences (variance) occur, rather than searching for universals in the style of physics or chemistry.
Catherine Alexandra McBride,, was formerly the Choh-Ming Li Professor of Developmental Psychology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) specializing in the acquisition of early literacy skills. She is currently the Associate Dean for Research for the College of Health and Human Sciences at Purdue University and also a professor in the Department of Human Development and Family Science, and remains an Emeritus Professor of Psychology at CUHK. She received her BA in psychology from Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio. She received her MA in 1992 and PhD in 1994 from the University of Southern California, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida. She has written two books (namely, Children's Literacy Development and Coping with Dyslexia, Dysgraphia and ADHD: A Global Perspective and co-edited three others. She is currently the Past-President of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading.
Feminist psychology is a form of psychology centered on social structures and gender. Feminist psychology critiques historical psychological research as done from a male perspective with the view that males are the norm. Feminist psychology is oriented on the values and principles of feminism.
Traditionally, women in Hong Kong have been situated within the context of Chinese family and society, in which they were treated the same as Mainland women or Taiwanese women. However, there are cultural differences between Mainland Chinese citizens and citizens of Hong Kong. During the British colonial period, the emergence of Western culture created a mix of traditional Chinese culture and Western values. This created a unique culture of Hong Kong. Along with the rapid economic and social development of Hong Kong since the end of the Second World War, there has been a significant improvement in the social status of women. However, the male-dominant social structure still persists in some aspects of women's lives.
The Revised NEO Personality Inventory is a personality inventory that assesses an individual on five dimensions of personality, the so-called Big Five personality traits. These traits are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. In addition, the NEO PI-R also reports on six subcategories of each Big Five personality trait.
The Big Five personality traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The Big Five Personality is a test that people can take to learn more about their personality in relation to the five personality traits. Cross-cultural psychology as a discipline examines the way that human behavior is different and/or similar across different cultures. One important and widely studied area in this subfield of psychology is personality, particularly the study of Big Five. The Big Five model of personality has become the most extensively studied model of personality and has broad support, starting in the United States and later in many different cultures. The Big Five model of personality started in the United States, and through the years has been translated into many different languages and has been used in many countries. Some researchers were attempting to determine the differences in how other cultures perceive this model. Some research shows that the Big Five holds up across cultures even with its origin in the English language. However, there is also some evidence which suggests that the Big Five traits may not be sufficient to completely explain personality in other cultures. In countries such as South America and East Asia, the results weren't as accurate because they weren't as open as some people in other countries are.
Florence Harriet Levin Denmark is an American psychologist and a past president of the American Psychological Association (APA) (1980-1981). She is a pioneering female psychologist who has influenced the psychological sciences through her scholarly and academic accomplishments in both psychology and feminist movements. She has contributed to psychology in several ways, specifically in the field of psychology of women and human rights, both nationally and internationally.
Patricia Marks Greenfield is an American psychologist and professor known for her research in the fields of culture and human development. She is a currently a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of California in Los Angeles and recently served as President of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (2014-2016).
Robert Frank Krueger is Hathaway Distinguished Professor of Clinical Psychology and Distinguished McKnight University Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. Robert attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison and completed his clinical internship at Brown University. He is known for his research on personality psychology, clinical psychology, quantitative psychology, developmental psychology, personality disorders, behavioral genetics, and psychopathology. According to Krueger, the goal of his work is to "reduce the burden these problems place on society by working to understand why some people experience psychopathology, while others remain resilient." Krueger primarily studies the comorbidity between personality disorders and anxiety, as well as twins, heritability, personality development, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. He is the co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Personality Disorders. He received the American Psychological Association's Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology in 2005. Krueger helped work on the section III diagnostic criteria of the Personality and Personality Disorders in the DSM-5. He is also one of the highest cited researchers according to the Web of Science.
Jo-Ida C. Hansen is a counseling psychologist known for her research on career and work planning and measurement of vocational interests. She is Professor Emerita of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, the American Counseling Association, and the American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology
Lee Charlotte Lee was a Chinese American psychologist. She was a Professor Emerita of Human Development in the College of Human Ecology at Cornell University. Lee was the first woman of Asian ancestry to become a tenured professor at Cornell.
Jean Lau Chin was an American clinical psychologist known for her work on diversity in leadership, cultural competence in mental health care, and women's issues and feminism. She was Professor of Psychology and former Dean of the Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology at Adelphi University. Chin was the first Asian American psychologist to be licensed in Massachusetts.
Frances Mitchell Culbertson was a child clinical psychologist known for her work promoting international psychology and its emphasis on global and cross-national perspectives. At the time of her death, she was Professor Emerita of Psychology at the University of Wisconsin—Whitewater.
Barbara M. Byrne was a Canadian quantitative psychologist known for her work in psychometrics, specifically regarding construct validity, structural equation modeling (SEM), and statistics. She held the position of Professor Emerita in the School of Psychology at the University of Ottawa and was a fellow of the International Testing Committee (ITC), International Association for Applied Psychology (IAAP), and American Psychological Association (APA) throughout her research career.
References
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- 1 2 "Women Leaders: Fanny M. Cheung, PhD". APA Monitor on Psychology. Vol. 38, no. 7. 2007. p. 71. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
- ↑ Cheung, Fanny. "Ewora Women Rectors Association | Fanny M.C. Cheung". www.ewora.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
- ↑ "Hong Kong award winners announced: Carrie Lam receives top civic medal". South China Morning Post. 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2019-11-27.