The Forts of Rome are the complex of fixed works of military defense constituting the entrenched field of the city, consisting of fifteen "Prussian"-type forts and four hexagonal batteries. They were erected between 1877 and 1891 in defense of the strip of territory immediately surrounding the city of Rome (Italy), then in the countryside, at a distance of about 4–5km from the Aurelian walls and about 2–3km from each other, for an overall development of about 40km (25mi).
After some controversies about the project, the forts were commissioned by Royal Decree nr. 4007 of August 12, 1877. The first seven forts (Monte Mario, Braschi, Boccea, Aurelia Antica, Bravetta, Portuense and Appia Antica) were built starting from the same year 1877 on the right side of the Tiber (except for the Forte Appia Antica), as a defence against landings on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. The construction of the remaining eight forts (Antenne, Ardeatina, Casilina, Ostiense, Pietralata, Prenestina, Tiburtina and Trionfale) began in 1880 thanks to new funds; by Royal Decree of November 1, 1882, they were named after the streets on which they stood. The four batteries were built in an intermediate and set-back position: they were called Tevere (on the right bank of the river under Monte Mario), Appia Pignatelli, Porta Furba and Nomentana.
All the buildings soon fell into disuse, due both to their excessive closeness to the expanding city and to the evolution of the ballistic techniques and of the military strategies; by Royal Decree n. 2179 of October 9, 1919 they were removed from the list of the State fortifications and used as barracks and military depots. Later they ended up being incorporated into the urban fabric and, in some case, were delivered to the Municipality of Rome; however, some of them are currently unused or abandoned.
Enrico Stefani was an Italian architect and archaeologist working in Greece, Crete and Italy during the early twentieth century.
Palazzo Brera or Palazzo di Brera is a monumental palace in Milan, in Lombardy in northern Italy. It was a Jesuit college for two hundred years. It now houses several cultural institutions including the Accademia di Brera, the art academy of the city, and its gallery, the Pinacoteca di Brera; the Orto Botanico di Brera, a botanical garden; an observatory, the Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera; the Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere, a learned society; and an important library, the Biblioteca di Brera.
Ettore Roesler Franz was an Italian painter and photographer. He was among the most prolific Italian watercolorists and vedutisti of the late nineteenth century.
The GRA or Grande Raccordo Anulare is a toll-free, ring-shaped 68.2 kilometres (42.4 mi) long orbital motorway that encircles Rome. GRA is one of the most important roads in Rome, and traffic reaches 160,000 vehicles per day as of 2011.
The Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera, also known as the Accademia di Brera or Brera Academy, is a state-run tertiary public academy of fine arts in Milan, Italy. It shares its history, and its main building, with the Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan's main public museum for art. In 2010 an agreement was signed to move the accademia to a former military barracks, the Caserma Magenta in via Mascheroni, but the move had not happened by early 2017.
The Palazzo della Farnesina is an Italian government building located between Monte Mario and the Tiber River in the Foro Italico area in Rome, Italy. Designed in 1935, it has housed the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs since its completion in 1959. A reference to "La Farnesina" is often to be intended as a metonymy for the hosted institution, namely the Ministry itself.
The Villa of the Quintilii is an ancient Roman villa beyond the fifth milestone along the Via Appia Antica just outside the traditional boundaries of Rome, Italy. It was built by the rich and cultured brothers Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus and Sextus Quintilius Condianus.
Cantieri Romani – Roman construction sites is a publication that accompanies the exhibition of the same name held in 2001 at the Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea of Rome.
The Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome, Italian: Museo d'Arte Contemporanea di Roma, usually known as MACRO, is a municipal contemporary art museum in Rome, Italy. The museum is housed in two separate places: a former brewery in Via Nizza, in the Salario quartiere of the city; and a former slaughterhouse in Piazza Orazio Giustiniani, in the quartiere of Testaccio.
The Pesenti or Sabbioneta family of artists was active in Cremona from the 15th to the 17th centuries. The founder of the dynasty of artists was Galeazzo Pesenti Seniore, also called Il Sabbioneta, active in the 15th century in Cremona. Sabbioneta refers to a parish in Cremona.
Ruggero Lenci is an Italian architect and Professor of Architectural Design at the Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering of the Sapienza University of Rome.
The historic district of Rome was declared World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in 1980. It covers 19,91 km² and is included in 22 rioni with 186.802 inhabitants. There are 25.000 importants archaeological sites and locations.
Studio fotografico Vasari it is one of the oldest Italian companies operating in the field of photography.
Forte Antenne is one of the 15 forts, built in Rome (Italy) in the period between 1877 and 1891. It is located in the Q. II Parioli, within the Municipio II, inside Villa Ada.
Forte Monte Mario is one of the 15 forts of Rome, built between the years 1877 and 1891. It is located in Rome (Italy), in the Quarter Q. XV Della Vittoria, within the Municipio I.
Forte Braschi is one of the 15 forts of Rome, built in the period between 1877 and 1891 to constitute the "entrenched field of Rome". It is located in the Quarter Q. XIV Trionfale, within the Municipio XIV.
Forte Boccea is one of the 15 forts of Rome, built in the period between 1877 and 1891 as a part of the "entrenched field of Rome". It is located in Rome (Italy), in the Suburb S. IX Aurelio, within the Municipio XIII.
Between the 1860s and the First World War the Kingdom of Italy built a number of fortifications along its border with Austria-Hungary. From 1859 the fortified border ran south from Switzerland to Lake Garda, between Italian Lombardy and Austrian South Tyrol. After 1866 it extended to include the border between South Tyrol and Veneto, from Lake Garda to the Carnic Alps. This frontier was difficult to defend, since Austria-Hungary held the higher ground, and an invasion would immediately threaten the industrial and agricultural heartlands of the Po valley. Between 1900 and 1910, Italy also built a series of fortifications along the defensive line of the Tagliamento to protect against an invasion from the northeast. The border with Switzerland was also fortified in what is known as the Cadorna Line.
Michela Ramadori is an Italian art historian, author and academic.
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