Neuromorphic computing is an approach to computing that is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. A neuromorphic computer/chip is any device that uses physical artificial neurons to do computations. In recent times,the term neuromorphic has been used to describe analog,digital,mixed-mode analog/digital VLSI,and software systems that implement models of neural systems. The implementation of neuromorphic computing on the hardware level can be realized by oxide-based memristors,spintronic memories,threshold switches,transistors,among others. Training software-based neuromorphic systems of spiking neural networks can be achieved using error backpropagation,e.g.,using Python based frameworks such as snnTorch,or using canonical learning rules from the biological learning literature,e.g.,using BindsNet.
Quantum information science is a field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics with information theory to study the processing,analysis,and transmission of information. It covers both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum physics,including the limits of what can be achieved with quantum information. The term quantum information theory is sometimes used,but it does not include experimental research and can be confused with a subfield of quantum information science that deals with the processing of quantum information.
The Schwinger's quantum action principle is a variational approach to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. This theory was introduced by Julian Schwinger in a series of articles starting 1950.
Rudolf Haag was a German theoretical physicist,who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.
Quantum neural networks are computational neural network models which are based on the principles of quantum mechanics. The first ideas on quantum neural computation were published independently in 1995 by Subhash Kak and Ron Chrisley,engaging with the theory of quantum mind,which posits that quantum effects play a role in cognitive function. However,typical research in quantum neural networks involves combining classical artificial neural network models with the advantages of quantum information in order to develop more efficient algorithms. One important motivation for these investigations is the difficulty to train classical neural networks,especially in big data applications. The hope is that features of quantum computing such as quantum parallelism or the effects of interference and entanglement can be used as resources. Since the technological implementation of a quantum computer is still in a premature stage,such quantum neural network models are mostly theoretical proposals that await their full implementation in physical experiments.
The activation function of a node in an artificial neural network is a function that calculates the output of the node based on its individual inputs and their weights. Nontrivial problems can be solved using only a few nodes if the activation function is nonlinear. Modern activation functions include the smooth version of the ReLU,the GELU,which was used in the 2018 BERT model,the logistic (sigmoid) function used in the 2012 speech recognition model developed by Hinton et al,the ReLU used in the 2012 AlexNet computer vision model and in the 2015 ResNet model.
Hartmut Neven is a scientist working in quantum computing,computer vision,robotics and computational neuroscience. He is best known for his work in face and object recognition and his contributions to quantum machine learning. He is currently Vice President of Engineering at Google where he is leading the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab which he founded in 2012.
Philippe Blanchard has been a Professor of Mathematical Physics at Faculty of Physics,Bielefeld University since 1980. He is both director of the Research Center BiBoS and deputy managing director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research at Bielefeld University.
A physical system is a collection of physical objects under study. The collection differs from a set:all the objects must coexist and have some physical relationship. In other words,it is a portion of the physical universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment,which is ignored except for its effects on the system.
The Nakajima–Zwanzig equation is an integral equation describing the time evolution of the "relevant" part of a quantum-mechanical system. It is formulated in the density matrix formalism and can be regarded as a generalization of the master equation.
Quantum machine learning is the integration of quantum algorithms within machine learning programs.
Walter Greiner was a German theoretical physicist. His research interests lay in atomic physics,heavy ion physics,nuclear physics,elementary particle physics. He is known for his series of books in theoretical physics,particularly in Germany but also around the world.
Guo Guangcan is a Chinese physicist. He is a professor at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and Peking University (PKU). He works on quantum information,quantum communication and quantum optic. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and The World Academy of Sciences.
Quantum image processing (QIMP) is using quantum computing or quantum information processing to create and work with quantum images.
In quantum computing,quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum computer can solve a problem that no classical computer can solve in any feasible amount of time,irrespective of the usefulness of the problem. The term was coined by John Preskill in 2012,but the concept dates to Yuri Manin's 1980 and Richard Feynman's 1981 proposals of quantum computing.
Mikhail (Michel) Dyakonov is a Russian professor of physics at Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C),UniversitéMontpellier - CNRS in France.
The swap test is a procedure in quantum computation that is used to check how much two quantum states differ,appearing first in the work of Barenco et al. and later rediscovered by Harry Buhrman,Richard Cleve,John Watrous,and Ronald de Wolf. It appears commonly in quantum machine learning,and is a circuit used for proofs-of-concept in implementations of quantum computers.
Adriana Marais is a South African theoretical physicist,technologist and advocate for off-world exploration. She is a director of the Foundation for Space Development Africa,an organisation aiming to send Africa's first mission to the Moon,the Africa2Moon Project. She is the founder of Proudly Human,an initiative of which is the Off-World Project,a series of habitation experiments in Earth's most extreme environments.
Quantum natural language processing (QNLP) is the application of quantum computing to natural language processing (NLP). It computes word embeddings as parameterised quantum circuits that can solve NLP tasks faster than any classical computer. It is inspired by categorical quantum mechanics and the DisCoCat framework,making use of string diagrams to translate from grammatical structure to quantum processes.
Sheldon Goldstein is an American theoretical physicist. He introduced the term "Bohmian mechanics".
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