Informatics

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Informatics is the study of computational systems. [1] [2] According to the ACM Europe Council and Informatics Europe, informatics is synonymous with computer science and computing as a profession, [3] in which the central notion is transformation of information. [1] [4] In some cases, the term "informatics" may also be used with different meanings, e.g. in the context of social computing, [5] or in context of library science. [6]

Contents

Different meanings

United StatesGermanyRussiaFranceItalyEnglish transcription
Computer science, Computing InformatikИнформатика (Latinized: informatika)InformatiqueInformaticaInformatics
Theoretical computer science Theoretische InformatikТеоретическая информатикаInformatique théoriqueInformatica teoricaTheoretical informatics
Computer engineering Technische InformatikИнженерная информатикаIngénierie or génie informatiqueIngegneria informatica Technical informatics
Neurocomputing, Neural computation NeuroinformatikНейроинформатикаNeuro-informatiqueNeuroinformatica Neuroinformatics
Bioinformatics BioinformatikБиоинформатикаBioinformatiqueBioinformaticaBioinformatics
Hydroinformatics HydroinformatikГидроинформатикаHydroinformatiqueIdroinformaticaHydroinformatics
Ecoinformatics ÖkoinformatikЭкоинформатикаÉcoinformatiqueEcoinformaticaEcoinformatics
Social informatics SozioinformatikСоциальная информатикаSocioinformatiqueSocioinformaticaSocial informatics
Informatics Forum, completed in 2008. It houses researchers of the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics. Informatics Forum - geograph.org.uk - 990363.jpg
Informatics Forum, completed in 2008. It houses researchers of the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics.

In some countries, depending on local interpretations and contexts, the term "informatics" is used synonymously to mean information systems, information science, information theory, information engineering, information technology, information processing, or other theoretical or practical fields. In Germany, the term informatics closely corresponds to modern computer science. Accordingly, universities in continental Europe usually translate "informatics" as computer science, or sometimes information and computer science, although technical universities may translate it as computer science & engineering. [7] [8]

In the United States, however, the term informatics is mostly used in context of data science, library science [6] or its applications in healthcare (health informatics), [9] [10] where it first appeared in the US.

The University of Washington uses this term to refer to social computing. [5] In some countries, this term is associated with natural computation and neural computation. [1] [11]

The Government of Canada uses the term to refer to operational units offering network and computer services to the various departments. [12]

Etymology

In 1956, the German informatician Karl Steinbuch and engineer Helmut Gröttrup coined the word Informatik when they developed the Informatik-Anlage [13] for the Quelle mail-order management, one of the earliest commercial applications of data processing. In April 1957, Steinbuch published a paper called Informatik: Automatische Informationsverarbeitung ("Informatics: Automatic Information Processing"). [14] The morphology—informat-ion + -ics—uses "the accepted form for names of sciences, as conics, mathematics, linguistics, optics, or matters of practice, as economics, politics, tactics", [15] and so, linguistically, the meaning extends easily to encompass both the science of information and the practice of information processing. The German word Informatik is usually translated to English as [16] computer science by universities or computer science & engineering by technical universities (German equivalents for institutes of technology). Depending on the context, informatics is also translated into computing, scientific computing or information and computer technology. The French term informatique was coined in 1962 by Philippe Dreyfus. [17] In the same month was also proposed independently by Walter F. Bauer (1924–2015) and associates who co-founded software company Informatics Inc. The term for the new discipline quickly spread throughout Europe, but it did not catch on in the United States. Over the years, many different definitions of informatics have been developed, most of them claim that the essence of informatics is one of these concepts: information processing, algorithms, computation, information, algorithmic processes, computational processes or computational systems. [18] [1]

The earliest uses of the term informatics in the United States was during the 1950s with the beginning of computer use in healthcare. [19] Early practitioners interested in the field soon learned that there were no formal education programs, and none emerged until the late 1960s. They introduced the term informatics only in the context of archival science, which is only a small part of informatics. Professional development, therefore, played a significant role in the development of health informatics. [19] According to Imhoff et al., 2001, healthcare informatics is not only the application of computer technology to problems in healthcare, but covers all aspects of generation, handling, communication, storage, retrieval, management, analysis, discovery, and synthesis of data information and knowledge in the entire scope of healthcare. Furthermore, they stated that the primary goal of health informatics can be distinguished as follows: To provide solutions for problems related to data, information, and knowledge processing. To study general principles of processing data information and knowledge in medicine and healthcare. [20] [21] The term health informatics quickly spread throughout the United States in various forms such as nursing informatics, public health informatics or medical informatics. Analogous terms were later introduced for use of computers in various fields, such as business informatics, forest informatics, legal informatics etc. These fields still mainly use term informatics in context of library science.

Informatics as information processing science

In the early 1980s, K.A Nicholas published "Informatics: Ready for the Information Society" proposing a definition of Informatics as "the study and the practice of skills related to information, its collection, storage, retrieval, analysis and publication. In short; - Information Handling." It had been developed in the South Australian Education System at a grass roots level. <K.A Nicholas published "Informatics: Ready for the Information Society" 1983 - National Library of Australia>

In the early 1990s, K.K. Kolin proposed an interpretation of informatics as a fundamental science that studies information processes in nature, society, and technical systems. [22]

A broad interpretation of informatics, as "the study of the structure, algorithms, behaviour, and interactions of natural and artificial computational systems," was introduced by the University of Edinburgh in 1994. This has led to the merger of the institutes of computer science, artificial intelligence and cognitive science into a single School of Informatics in 2002. [23]

More than a dozen nearby universities joined Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance. Some non-European universities have also adopted this definition (e.g. Kyoto University School of Informatics).

In 2003, Yingxu Wang popularized term cognitive informatics, described as follows: [24]

Supplementary to matter and energy, information is the third essence for modeling the world. Cognitive informatics focuses on internal information processing mechanisms and the natural intelligence of the brain.

Informatics as a fundamental science of information in natural and artificial systems was proposed again in Russia in 2006. [25]

In 2007, the influential book Decoding the Universe was published.

Former president of Association for Computing Machinery, Peter Denning wrote in 2007: [26]

The old definition of computer science - the study of phenomena surrounding computers - is now obsolete. Computing is the study of natural and artificial information processes.

The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, of the UK Funding Councils, includes a new, Computer Science and Informatics, unit of assessment (UoA), [27] whose scope is described as follows:

The UoA includes the study of methods for acquiring, storing, processing, communicating and reasoning about information, and the role of interactivity in natural and artificial systems, through the implementation, organisation and use of computer hardware, software and other resources. The subjects are characterised by the rigorous application of analysis, experimentation and design.

In 2008, the construction of the Informatics Forum was completed. In 2018, the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing was established. Its construction is planned to be completed in 2021.

Informatics as information science

In the fields of geoinformatics or irrigation informatics, the term -informatics usually mean information science, in context related to library science. This was the first meaning of informatics introduced in Russia in 1966 by A.I. Mikhailov, R.S. Gilyarevskii, and A.I. Chernyi, which referred to a scientific discipline that studies the structure and properties of scientific information. [22] In this context, the term was also used by the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility. Some scientists use this term, however, to refer to the science of information processing, not data management. [28]

In the English-speaking world, the term informatics was first widely used in the compound medical informatics, taken to include "the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including information science and the technology to support these tasks". [29] Many such compounds are now in use; they can be viewed as different areas of "applied informatics".

Informatics as computer science

In some countries such as Germany, Russia, France, and Italy, the term informatics in many contexts (but not always) can translate directly to computer science. [30]

Computer scientists study computational processes and systems. Computing Research Repository (CoRR) classification distinguishes the following main topics in computer science (alphabetic order): [31] [32] [33]

Journals and conferences

Community

Academic schools and departments

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer science</span> Study of computation

Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines to applied disciplines. Though more often considered an academic discipline, computer science is closely related to computer programming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theoretical computer science</span> Subfield of computer science and mathematics

Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) is a subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on mathematical aspects of computer science such as the theory of computation (TOC), formal language theory, the lambda calculus and type theory.

Bio-inspired computing, short for biologically inspired computing, is a field of study which seeks to solve computer science problems using models of biology. It relates to connectionism, social behavior, and emergence. Within computer science, bio-inspired computing relates to artificial intelligence and machine learning. Bio-inspired computing is a major subset of natural computation.

Hsiang-Tsung Kung is a Taiwanese-born American computer scientist. He is the William H. Gates professor of computer science at Harvard University. His early research in parallel computing produced the systolic array in 1979, which has since become a core computational component of hardware accelerators for artificial intelligence, including Google's Tensor Processing Unit (TPU). Similarly, he proposed optimistic concurrency control in 1981, now a key principle in memory and database transaction systems, including MySQL, Apache CouchDB, Google's App Engine, and Ruby on Rails. He remains an active researcher, with ongoing contributions to computational complexity theory, hardware design, parallel computing, routing, wireless communication, signal processing, and artificial intelligence.

The expression computational intelligence (CI) usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation. Even though it is commonly considered a synonym of soft computing, there is still no commonly accepted definition of computational intelligence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friedrich L. Bauer</span> German computer scientist

Friedrich Ludwig "Fritz" Bauer was a German pioneer of computer science and professor at the Technical University of Munich.

Neuroinformatics is the field that combines informatics and neuroscience. Neuroinformatics is related with neuroscience data and information processing by artificial neural networks. There are three main directions where neuroinformatics has to be applied:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl Steinbuch</span>

Karl W. Steinbuch was a German computer scientist, cyberneticist, and electrical engineer. He was an early and influential researcher in German computer science, and was the developer of the Lernmatrix, an early implementation of artificial neural networks. Steinbuch also wrote about the societal implications of modern media.

The term Engineering Informatics may be related to information engineering, computer engineering, or computational engineering, among other meanings. This word is used with different context in different countries. In general, some people assume that the central area of interest in informatics is information processing within man-made artificial (engineering) systems, called also computational or computer systems. The focus on artificial systems separates informatics from psychology and cognitive science, which focus on information processing within natural systems. However, nowadays these fields have areas where they overlap, e.g. in field of affective computing.

The German Informatics Society (GI) is a German professional society for computer science, with around 20,000 personal and 250 corporate members. It is the biggest organized representation of its kind in the German-speaking world.

George V. Cybenko is the Dorothy and Walter Gramm Professor of Engineering at Dartmouth and a fellow of the IEEE and SIAM.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Lengauer</span>

Thomas Lengauer is a German computer scientist and computational biologist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ümit Çatalyürek</span>

Ümit V. Çatalyürek is a professor of computer science at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and Adjunct Professor in department of Biomedical Informatics at the Ohio State University. He is known for his work on graph analytics, parallel algorithms for scientific applications, data-intensive computing, and large scale genomic and biomedical applications. He was the director of the High Performance Computing Lab at the Ohio State University. He was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for contributions to combinatorial scientific computing and parallel computing.

Soft computing is an umbrella term used to describe types of algorithms that produce approximate solutions to unsolvable high-level problems in computer science. Typically, traditional hard-computing algorithms heavily rely on concrete data and mathematical models to produce solutions to problems. Soft computing was coined in the late 20th century. During this period, revolutionary research in three fields greatly impacted soft computing. Fuzzy logic is a computational paradigm that entertains the uncertainties in data by using levels of truth rather than rigid 0s and 1s in binary. Next, neural networks which are computational models influenced by human brain functions. Finally, evolutionary computation is a term to describe groups of algorithm that mimic natural processes such as evolution and natural selection.

Antonio Lieto is an Italian cognitive scientist and computer scientist at the University of Turin and a Research Associate at the Institute of High Performance Computing of the Italian National Research Council focusing on cognitive architectures and computational models of cognition, commonsense reasoning and models of mental representation, and persuasive technologies. He teaches Artificial Intelligence and "Design and Evaluation of Cognitive Artificial Systems" at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Turin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyle Norman Long</span> Academic and computational scientist

Lyle Norman Long is an academic, and computational scientist. He is a Professor Emeritus of Computational Science, Mathematics, and Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University, and is most known for developing algorithms and software for mathematical models, including neural networks, and robotics. His research has been focused in the fields of computational science, computational neuroscience, cognitive robotics, parallel computing, and software engineering.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "What is Informatics? University of Edinburgh" (PDF).
  2. ↑ "INFORMATICS | Bedeutung im Cambridge Englisch Wörterbuch". dictionary.cambridge.org (in German).
  3. ↑ "Are We All In The Same Boat? ACM & Informatics Europe" (PDF).
  4. ↑ "What is Informatics? - Definition from Techopedia". Techopedia.com. October 2014.
  5. 1 2 "Informatics Major". ischool.uw.edu.
  6. 1 2 Wellisch, Hans (1972-07-01). "From Information Science to Informatics: a terminological investigation". Journal of Librarianship. 4 (3): 157–187. doi:10.1177/096100067200400302. ISSN   0022-2232. S2CID   62708018.
  7. ↑ "Computer Science and Computer Engineering | Hochschule Osnabrück". www.hs-osnabrueck.de. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  8. ↑ "Informatik – Technische Informatik (B.Sc.) | Hochschule Osnabrück". www.hs-osnabrueck.de. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  9. ↑ "What is Informatics? USF Health". www.usfhealthonline.com. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  10. ↑ "Informatics Major". ischool.uw.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  11. ↑ "Forschungszentrum Jülich - Cognitive Neuroinformatics". www.fz-juelich.de. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  12. ↑ "Informatics [100 records] - TERMIUM Plus® — Search - TERMIUM Plus®". 8 October 2009.
  13. ↑ Biener, Klaus (December 1997). "Karl Steinbuch – Informatiker der ersten Stunde Hommage zu seinem 80. Geburtstag" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved 2021-10-08. Steinbuch coined this expression together with Helmut Gröttrup, an employee from Peenemünde.
  14. ↑ "Karl Steinbuch Eulogy – Bernard Widrow, Reiner Hartenstein, Robert Hecht-Nielsen" (PDF). uni-kl.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
  15. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary 1989
  16. ↑ CTKlein. "Best word for "computer science"". German Language Stack Exchange. Stack Exchange Inc. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  17. ↑ Dreyfus, Phillipe. L’informatique. Gestion, Paris, June 1962, pp. 240–41
  18. ↑ Wegner, Peter. "Research paradigms in Computer Science, Brown University" (PDF).
  19. 1 2 Nelson, Ramona; Staggers, Nancy (8 December 2016). Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 7. ISBN   978-0-323-40225-5.
  20. ↑ Imhoff, M., Webb. A,.&Goldschmidt, A., (2001). Health Informatics. Intensive Care Med, 27: 179-186. doi : 10.1007//s001340000747.
  21. ↑ Nelson, R. & Staggers, N. Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach. St. Louis: Mosby, 2013. Print. (p.4,7)
  22. 1 2 Yatsko, Viatcheslav A. (2018). "Informatics, Information Science, and Computer Science". Scientific and Technical Information Processing. 45 (4): 235–240. doi:10.3103/S0147688218040081.
  23. ↑ Brown, Neil. "The old www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk server". www.inf.ed.ac.uk.
  24. ↑ Wang, Yingxu (2003-08-01). "On Cognitive Informatics". Brain and Mind. 4 (2): 151–167. doi:10.1023/A:1025401527570. ISSN   1573-3300. S2CID   61495426.
  25. ↑ "Becoming of informatics as fundamental science and the complex scientific problem". www.mathnet.ru.
  26. ↑ Denning, Peter J. "Computing Is a Natural Science". Communications of the ACM.
  27. ↑ "UoA 23 Computer Science and Informatics, Panel working methods" (PDF). rae.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  28. ↑ Wang, Yingxu (2013). "Basic theories for neuroinformatics and neurocomputing". 2013 IEEE 12th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing. pp. 3–4. doi:10.1109/ICCI-CC.2013.6622217. ISBN   978-1-4799-0783-0. S2CID   12488667.
  29. ↑ Greenes, R.A. and Shortliffe, E.H. (1990) "Medical Informatics: An emerging discipline with academic and institutional perspectives." Journal of the American Medical Association , 263(8) pp. 1114–20. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03440080092030
  30. ↑ "Mission and History". Informatics Europe. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  31. ↑ "arXiv.org e-Print archive". arxiv.org.
  32. ↑ "Informatics as a Fundamental Discipline for the 21st Century". Informatics Europe . 2019.
  33. ↑ Denning, Peter J.; Rosenbloom, Paul (2009). The Profession of IT Computing: The Fourth Great Domain of Science. Association for Computing Machinery. OCLC   981466101.
  34. ↑ "International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence (IJCINI)".
  35. ↑ IEEE CS (1983). IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, CVPR. 1983 conf., Washington, D.C. Proceedings: Computer vision and pattern recognition. New York, N.Y. ISBN   978-0-8186-0053-1. OCLC   472099962.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  36. ↑ "Brain Informatics". Brain Informatics.
  37. ↑ "Alvy Ray Smith synapse FOCS Cover". alvyray.com.
  38. ↑ "Neural Computing and Applications". Springer.
  39. ↑ "Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems". Springer.
  40. ↑ "Journal of Scientific Computing". www.scimagojr.com.
  41. ↑ "Simulation & Gaming". SAGE Journals.
  42. ↑ "ACM CCS 2020 - November 9-13, 2020". www.sigsac.org.
  43. ↑ "University of Washington, BS Informatics".
  44. ↑ "University at Albany, BS Informatics".
  45. ↑ "UC Irvine, B.S. Informatics".
  46. ↑ "UC Irvine, M.S. Informatics".
  47. ↑ "UC Irvine, Ph.D. Informatics".
  48. 1 2 "University of Michigan, Major in Informatics".
  49. ↑ "University of Texas at Austin, Bachelor's Degree in Informatics".
  50. ↑ "University of Massachusetts Amherst, BS in Informatics". 22 September 2014.
  51. ↑ "Texas Women's University, Informatics Bachelor of Science Degrees".
  52. ↑ "Indiana University Bloomington, BS in Informatics".
  53. ↑ "Indiana University Bloomington, Ph.D. in Informatics".
  54. ↑ "IUPUI, BS in Informatics".
  55. ↑ "San Jose State University, Master of Science in Informatics". 5 October 2020.
  56. ↑ "University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Master of Science in Informatics". 22 May 2017.
  57. ↑ "The University of Iowa, BS in Informatics".
  58. ↑ "The University of Iowa, Informatics, Ph.D."
  59. ↑ "Arizona State University, Informatics (BS)".
  60. ↑ "Northern Arizona University, Informatics, Master of Science".
  61. ↑ "Northern Arizona University, Informatics, Bachelor of Science".
  62. ↑ "Baylor University, Bachelor of Science in Informatics". 19 July 2022.
  63. ↑ "Penn State College of IST, M.S. in Informatics".
  64. ↑ "Penn State College of IST, Ph.D. in Informatics".
  65. ↑ "University of South Carolina, Informatics, Ph.D."
  66. ↑ "University of Debrecen, Informatics, PhD".
  67. ↑ "University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Informatics PhD".
  68. ↑ "University of Sussex, Informatics PhD".
  69. ↑ "University of Missouri, PhD in Informatics".
  70. ↑ "Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Master of Science in Informatics".
  71. ↑ "University of Bergen, PhD in informatics".
  72. ↑ "University of Edinburgh, MInf Informatics". 20 February 2023.
  73. ↑ "Technical University of Munich, M.Sc. Informatics". 31 July 2023.
  74. ↑ "Università della Svizzera italiana, Master in Informatics".

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