GRB2-related adapter protein 2 also known as GRB2-related adaptor downstream of Shc (GADS) is a 37 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the GRAP2 gene. [5] [6] [7]
GRB2-related adapter protein 2 also known as GRB2-related adaptor downstream of Shc (GADS) is a 37 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the GRAP2 gene. [5] [6] [7]
This gene encodes a member of the GRB2/Sem5/Drk family. This member is an adaptor-like protein involved in leukocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase signaling. Like its related family member, GRB2-related adaptor protein (GRAP), this protein contains an SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. This protein interacts with other proteins, such as GRB2-associated binding protein 1 (GAB1) and the SLP-76 leukocyte protein (LCP2), through its SH3 domains. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyA sites exist. [7]
GRAP2 has been shown to interact with:
The SRC Homology 3 Domain is a small protein domain of about 60 amino acid residues. Initially, SH3 was described as a conserved sequence in the viral adaptor protein v-Crk. This domain is also present in the molecules of phospholipase and several cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases such as Abl and Src. It has also been identified in several other protein families such as: PI3 Kinase, Ras GTPase-activating protein, CDC24 and cdc25. SH3 domains are found in proteins of signaling pathways regulating the cytoskeleton, the Ras protein, and the Src kinase and many others. The SH3 proteins interact with adaptor proteins and tyrosine kinases. Interacting with tyrosine kinases, SH3 proteins usually bind far away from the active site. Approximately 300 SH3 domains are found in proteins encoded in the human genome. In addition to that, the SH3 domain was responsible for controlling protein-protein interactions in the signal transduction pathways and regulating the interactions of proteins involved in the cytoplasmic signaling.
Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs) are proteins that are accessory to main proteins in a signal transduction pathway. Adaptor proteins contain a variety of protein-binding modules that link protein-binding partners together and facilitate the creation of larger signaling complexes. These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves, instead mediating specific protein–protein interactions that drive the formation of protein complexes. Examples of adaptor proteins include MYD88, Grb2 and SHC1.
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, also known as Grb2, is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the GRB2 gene.
Son of sevenless homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOS1 gene.
Adapter molecule crk also known as proto-oncogene c-Crk is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRK gene.
Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, also known as LCP2 or SLP-76, is a signal-transducing adaptor protein expressed in T cells and myeloid cells and is important in the signaling of T-cell receptors (TCRs). As an adaptor protein, SLP-76 does not have catalytic functions, primarily binding other signaling proteins to form larger signaling complexes. It is a key component of the signaling pathways of receptors with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) such as T-cell receptors, its precursors, and receptors for the Fc regions of certain antibodies. SLP-76 is expressed in T-cells and related lymphocytes like natural killer cells.
The Linker for activation of T cells, also known as linker of activated T cells or LAT, is a protein involved in the T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathway which in humans is encoded by the LAT gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
GRB2-associated-binding protein 2 also known as GAB2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAB2 gene.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the MAP4K1 gene. It is also known as HPK1. The protein has been shown to play a role in JNK activation.
Cbl is a mammalian gene family. CBL gene, a part of the Cbl family, encodes the protein CBL which is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in cell signalling and protein ubiquitination. Mutations to this gene have been implicated in a number of human cancers, particularly acute myeloid leukaemia.
Crk-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRKL gene.
GRB2-associated-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAB1 gene.
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPGEF1 gene.
Cytoplasmic protein NCK1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCK1 gene.
Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase 1(SHIP1) is an enzyme with phosphatase activity. SHIP1 is structured by multiple domain and is encoded by the INPP5D gene in humans. SHIP1 is expressed predominantly by hematopoietic cells but also, for example, by osteoblasts and endothelial cells. This phosphatase is important for the regulation of cellular activation. Not only catalytic but also adaptor activities of this protein are involved in this process. Its movement from the cytosol to the cytoplasmic membrane, where predominantly performs its function, is mediated by tyrosine phosphorylation of the intracellular chains of cell surface receptors that SHIP1 binds. Insufficient regulation of SHIP1 leads to different pathologies.
FYN binding protein (FYB-120/130), also known as FYB, ADAP, and SLAP-130 is a protein that is encoded by the FYB gene in humans. The protein is expressed in T cells, monocytes, mast cells, macrophages, NK cells, but not B cells. FYB is a multifunctional protein involved in post-activation T cell signaling, lymphocyte cytokine production, cell adhesion, and actin remodeling.
Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 1 is an adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the SKAP1 gene.
SH2B adapter protein 3 (SH2B3), also known as lymphocyte adapter protein (LNK), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2B3 gene on chromosome 12. SH2B3 is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. LNK functions as a regulator in signaling pathways relating to hematopoiesis, inflammation, and cell migration. As a result, it is involved in blood diseases, autoimmune disorders, and vascular disease. The SH2B3 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
GRB2-related adapter protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRAP gene.
GRB2 associated binding protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAB3 gene.
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