Garip movement, Garipçiler or First New Movement; [1] is a literary movement founded by Orhan Veli Kanık, Oktay Rifat, and Melih Cevdet Anday that rejects the established understanding in Turkish poetry and emphasizes the beauty of expression.
Orhan Veli Kanık, Oktay Rifat, and Melih Cevdet Anday, who were educated at Ankara Atatürk High School, returned to Ankara after completing their higher education in 1936, marking the trio's return to literature. The translations of Raymond Radiguet's Butterfly poem and Orhan Veli's Saksılar poem in the 101st issue of Varlık magazine, which they started publishing in 1936, are considered the first examples of this genre. [2]
Period | Years | Note |
---|---|---|
I. Period | 1937 - 1941 | This period lasted from the first poems published in Varlık magazine until the publication of the Garip. |
II. Period | 1941 - 1945 | This period lasted until 1945, when the three leading poets returned to literature after their military service. |
III. Period | 1945 - 1949 | This period saw the three poets working independently. |
IV. Period | 1949 - 1950 | This period continued as long as the Yaprak magazine. |
The period in which the first examples were given with the Butterfly and Saksılar poems in 1937. During this period, there was no consensus on the principles of the movement. [3]
It is the first poetry book published by the three poets on Orhan Veli's recommendation. The preface of the book expresses their common views on poetry and outlines the principles of the Garip movement for the first time. [3] According to them, embellishing, concretizing, or abstracting the expression harms the meaning. [4]
The preface of the book differs between the first and second editions, showing Orhan Veli Kanık's changes in opinion. [3]
Author | Number of Poems |
---|---|
Melih Cevdet | 16 |
Oktay Rıfat | 21 |
Orhan Veli | 24 |
Toplam | 61 |
Some of the 61 poems published in the book were previously published in periodicals such as Varlık magazine. [3]
This period, which started with the writing of the Garip book, ended with the trio distancing themselves from literature due to their military service. [3]
During this period, which began after the trio returned from military service, they started to act individually rather than together. [3]
Author | Works |
---|---|
Orhan Veli | Vazgeçemediğim |
Oktay Rıfat | Yaşayıp Ölmek, Aşk ve Avarelik Üstüne Şiirler |
Melih Cevdet | Rahatı Kaçan Ağaç |
This period revolves around the Yaprak magazine, in which the three writers were on the editorial board. This period ended a few months after the publication of the 28th issue of the magazine when Orhan Veli died. [3] [5]
The Mavi magazine, around which writers opposing the syllabic meter gathered, was started by Teoman Civelek, Ülkü Arman, Güner Sümer, and Bekir Çiftçi in 1952. Later, Attila İlhan, Ahmet Oktay, and Yılmaz Gruda also published their works in this magazine. These writers later adopted a movement known as Mavi movement. The Mavi movement paved the way for the Second New Movement movement. [6]
In the Garip foreword, the following views are mentioned: [7]
Works were created in a manner that emphasized meaning, in reaction to syllabic meter poets, Nazım Hikmet's socialist realist political poetry, and Ahmet Haşim's pure poetry approach. [5] They rejected the notion of poeticism. [8]
It is claimed that the movement shares many similarities with Japanese haiku poetry and that Orhan Veli encountered Eastern poetry, particularly Japanese haiku, while translating Kikaku’s poems from French to Turkish. [9]
The Garipçiler are the only group in Turkish literature to adopt the dadaism movement. [10]
The culture of Turkey or the Turkish culture combines a heavily diverse and heterogeneous set of elements that have been derived from the various cultures of the Eastern European, Eastern Mediterranean, Caucasian, Middle Eastern and Central Asian traditions. Many of these traditions were initially brought together by the Ottoman Empire, a multi-ethnic and multi-religious state spanning across Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.
Turkish literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Turkish language. The Ottoman form of Turkish, which forms the basis of much of the written corpus, was highly influenced by Persian and Arabic literature, and used the Ottoman Turkish alphabet.
Orhan Veli Kanık or Orhan Veli was a Turkish poet. Kanık is one of the founders of the Garip Movement together with Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet. Aiming to fundamentally transform traditional form in Turkish poetry, he introduced colloquialisms into the poetic language. Besides his poetry, Kanık crammed a large volume of works including essays, articles and translations into just 36 years.
Varlık is a monthly Turkish literature and art magazine. Established by Yaşar Nabi Nayır, Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil, and Nahit Sırrı Örik in 1933, it often publishes poetry and works of famous Turkish poets and writers.
There were a number of poetic trends in the poetry of Turkey in the early years of the Republic of Turkey. Authors such as Ahmed Hâşim and Yahyâ Kemâl Beyatlı (1884–1958) continued to write important formal verse whose language was, to a great extent, a continuation of the late Ottoman tradition. By far the majority of the poetry of the time, however, was in the tradition of the folk-inspired "syllabist" movement, which had emerged from the National Literature movement and which tended to express patriotic themes couched in the syllabic meter associated with Turkish folk poetry.
Ali Oktay Rifat, better known as Oktay Rifat, was a Turkish writer and playwright, and one of the forefront poets of modern Turkish poetry since the late 1930s. He was the founder of the Garip movement, together with Orhan Veli and Melih Cevdet.
Melih Cevdet Anday was a Turkish writer whose poetry stands outside the traditional literary movements. He also wrote in many other genres which, over six and a half decades, included eleven collections of poems, eight plays, eight novels, fifteen collections of essays, several of which won major literary awards. He also translated several books from diverse languages into Turkish.
Behçet Necatigil ; He is a Turkish poet, teacher and translator. He is one of the leading poets of modern Turkish poetry.[5] He did not join any literary movement; He is an independent poet and intellectual.[6] Apart from poetry, he has produced works in many fields of literature, from theater to mythology, from lexicography to novel translations and radio plays. He contributed greatly to the adoption of radiophonic play as a branch of literature in Turkey with his plays, translations and adaptations.[7] The artist, who is known as the "Poet of Houses", is also known for his identity as a teacher as well as his literary work.
The time that can be called contemporary in Turkish literature falls in the period between the middle of the 20th century and the first years of the new millennium. Throughout this period many changes in literary discourse have occurred. Together with the fall of the Ottoman Empire and foundation of the Turkish Republic brought a different way to Turkish literature together with the effect of Westernization on Turkish writers. The literature of the new republic emerged largely from the pre-independence National Literature movement, with its roots simultaneously in the Turkish folk tradition and in the Western notion of progress. One important change to Turkish literature was enacted in 1928, when Mustafa Kemal initiated the creation and dissemination of a modified version of the Latin alphabet to replace the Arabic-based Ottoman script. Over time, this change—together with changes in Turkey's system of education— would lead to more widespread literacy in the country. In 1950s, Turkish authors started to write in the tone of their western contemporaries bringing a new sense of literature to the country.
Oğuz Tansel was a Turkish poet and folklorist.
Orhan Karaveli was a Turkish journalist and writer.
Pembe Marmara was a Turkish Cypriot poet. She was one of the most important Turkish Cypriot poets of the 1940s and one of the earliest female Turkish Cypriot poets. Her poetry was influenced heavily by the Garip movement in Turkey and she wrote works of satire in free verse. Her poetry is also distinct from the nationalism characterising Turkish Cypriot poetry of her time, instead focusing more on the experience of being a Turkish Cypriot.
Derman İskender Över, also known as Küçük İskender, was a Turkish poet, critic and actor.
Cenâb Şehâbeddîn, was a Turkish poet and writer. He was one of the leading representatives of Servet-i Fünûn literature.
Gevheri Turkish: Gevherî was a Turkish folk poet who is estimated to have lived in the 17th century. In 1998, In the work titled "Gevherî Divanı", published by Şükrü Elçin, 945 poems of the poet included in the cönks and manuscripts were brought together.
Yaprak was a biweekly magazine published in Ankara, Turkey, between 1949 and 1951. It is known for its founder and editor-in-chief Orhan Veli Kanık, a Turkish poet. The title of the magazine was a reference to its format since it was published on a single sheet.
Yeditepe was a literary magazine which was published in Istanbul, Turkey, from 1950 to 1984 with a five-year interruption. Its title was a reference to both Istanbul and seven arts or traditional subdivision of the arts. It was one of the opposition media outlets in the 1950s and also, an influential literary magazine during its run.