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The Gates of Tashkent , in present-day Uzbekistan, were built around the town at the close of the 10th century, but did not survive to the present. The last gate was destroyed in 1890 as a result of the growth of the city, but some of the districts in Tashkent still bear the names of these gates.
The gates formed a part of the city fortifications, which had been constructed around the new settlement on the banks of the Bozsuv canal (the canal starts from the right shore of the Chirchik river) at the intersection of caravan roads from the Tien Shan Mountains. The number of gates varied over time. Fifteenth-century sources mention that the gates were named after local tribes, as each tribe was put in charge of guarding a specific gate.
In the mid-19th century the city wall was rebuilt by the Kokand governor (bekliyarbek). There were twelve gates: Labzak, Takhtapul, Karasaray, Sagban, Chagatay, Kukcha, Samarkand, Kamalan, Beshagach, Koymas, Kokand and Kashgar. [1] Some of the gates were named after the cities they led to (e.g. Samarkand darvaza means Samarkand gate, as it was located at the beginning of the road to Samarkand).
Other gates were given the names of the main streets inside the city (e.g., Chagatay darvaza). The gates were made of spruce wood and framed with artistically wrought iron. Each gate had a gatehouse for a tax-collector (zakatchi) and security guard (darvazabon). The gates were open from daybreak till sunset. At nighttime the gates were locked and guarded by darvazabons.
In June 1865 Russian troops successfully stormed Tashkent. General Mikhail Grigorevich Cherniaev had only 3,000 men under his command against a city with a 25-kilometer-long wall, 12 gates and 30,000 defenders. The Russians captured the city after two days of fighting and the loss of only 25 dead. The local nobility and inhabitants of Tashkent felt little loyalty towards the authority of the Kokand khanate, therefore they preferred to surrender the town to Russians.
On June 30, 1865 the representatives of the Tashkent nobility brought 12 gold keys from the gates of Tashkent to the Russian camp near Chimgan, a military village in the hills about 56 miles to the northeast of Tashkent. It was a sign of recognition of the victory of the Russian army.
After 1867 the army camp at Chimgan became an acclimatization station for military newcomers from Russia. During the Soviet period it was rebuilt to adapt its premises for use as a summer camp for children (now a recreation camp where campers still live at former military casernes). The surrounding area is still referred to as the "Twelve-Keys".
The keys were delivered to Saint Petersburg, where they were kept at the Suvorov Military Museum. In 1933 they were returned to Tashkent. One can see one of the keys at the History Museum. Others are stored at the National Bank. Each of the keys has an inscription engraved with the name of a particular gate and the date when a key was made.
Samarkand or Samarqand is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia. Samarkand is the capital of Samarqand Region and a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlements Kimyogarlar, Farhod and Khishrav. With 551,700 inhabitants (2021), it is the third-largest city in Uzbekistan.
Tashkent, or Toshkent in Uzbek, is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. It is the most populous city in Central Asia, with a population of more than 3 million people as of April 1st 2024. It is located in northeastern Uzbekistan, near the border with Kazakhstan.
Muhammad Yakub Beg, later known as Yakub Padishah, was the Kokandi ruler of Yettishar (Kashgaria), a state he established during his invasion of Xinjiang from 1865 to 1877. He was recognized as Emir of Yettishar by the Ottoman Empire and held the title of "Champion Father of the Faithful".
Kokand is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. Administratively, Kokand is a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlement Muqimiy. The population of Kokand as of 2022 was approximately 259,700. The city lies 228 km (142 mi) southeast of Tashkent, 115 km (71 mi) west of Andijan, and 88 km (55 mi) west of Fergana. It is nicknamed "City of Winds". In 1877 when the first ethnographic works were done under the new imperial Russian administration, Khoqand/Kokand was reported and visually depicted on their maps as Tajik inhabited oasis (C.E de Ujfalvy. The city and the entire eastern 3/4 of the Fergana Valley were included in Uzbekistan in the 1920s and Stalin's dictates of political borders.
Barracks are buildings used to accommodate military personnel and quasi-military personnel such as police. The English word originates from the 17th century via French and Italian from an old Spanish word barraca 'soldier's tent', but today barracks are usually permanent buildings. The word may apply to separate housing blocks or to complete complexes, and the plural form often refers to a single structure and may be singular in construction.
Jizzakh is a city and the center of Jizzakh Region in Uzbekistan, located in the northeast of Samarkand. It is a district-level city. The population of Jizzakh is 179,200.
Russian Turkestan was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire’s Central Asian territories, and was administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship. It comprised the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh Steppe, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. It was populated by speakers of Russian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik.
Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann, was a military engineer and the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan.
The Khanate of Kokand was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan.
The Emirate of Bukhara was a Muslim-Uzbek polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower Zarafshon river, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarqand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.
Scouting in Uzbekistan was founded in 1995, and is working toward World Organization of the Scout Movement recognition. In 1998, Scouting was limited to two Scout troops with a total of 15 members. Since the increasing presence of the United States military in the region after the September 11, 2001 attacks, Scouting is beginning to develop more thoroughly, and the fledgling organization, Kidirib Topubchi O'zbekiston, the Uzbekistan Union of Scout-Explorers, has issued insignia, considered to be a large step for nascent Scout organizations.
Tourism represents a substantial and fast-growing sector of the economy of Uzbekistan. The government of Uzbekistan under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev has invested heavily in developing tourism as a high-growth potential industry, resulting in an increase in international arrivals from approximately 1 million in 2016 to 7 million in 2023.
Nurafshon is a district-level city and the administrative centre of Tashkent Region in Uzbekistan. It is also the seat of the Oʻrtachirchiq District, but not part of it. It has an area of 30 km2 (12 sq mi) and the population of the city is 51,400 (2021).
Soviet Central Asia was the part of Central Asia administered by the Russian SFSR and then the Soviet Union between 1918 and 1991, when the Central Asian republics declared independence. It is nearly synonymous with Russian Turkestan in the Russian Empire. Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s.
Urda is a district of Tashkent, Uzbekistan, near the intersection of Alishera Navoi Avenue and the Ankhor Canal.
In the 16th century, the Tsardom of Russia embarked on a campaign to expand the Russian frontier to the east. This effort continued until the 19th century under the Russian Empire, when the Imperial Russian Army succeeded in conquering all of Central Asia. The majority of this land became known as Russian Turkestan—the name "Turkestan" was used to refer to the area due to the fact that it was and is inhabited by Turkic peoples, excluding the Tajiks, who are an Iranian ethnicity. Upon witnessing Russia's absorption of the various Central Asian realms, the British Empire sought to reinforce India, triggering the Great Game, which ended when both sides eventually designated Afghanistan as a neutral buffer zone.
Iskhak Khasan-uulu, better known as Pulat Khan, was briefly the Khan of Kokand and one of the leaders of the Kokand rebellion that took place from 1873 to 1876.
The siege of Samarkand was a military engagement fought in Samarkand in 1868 between the Russian Empire and a combined army of forces from the Bokharan Emirate and its allies, which included the Kokand Khanate and tributary Turkmen-Uzbek tribes. During the engagement, a Russian garrison successfully repelled multiple attempts by the besieging allied army to storm the city. The Russian victory solidified imperial control over the new state of Russian Turkestan, and caused the partial collapse of the Bukharan Emirate.
The Kolesov's Campaign was an unsuccessful attempt to seize power in the Emirate of Bukhara by the Russian Bolsheviks and Young Bukharans during the Russian Civil War.
"Conquest of Central Asia by Russia". By the 1820s, goods produced in the British Empire began to compete with products imported from the Russia. Great Britain had begun to openly state its remedies for Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia. In order to strengthen its position in the Asian markets, Russia created preferential customs conditions for bringing Russian products to the region. By the time of Nikolay I, the diplomatic and military influence of tsarist Russia in the region increased. 1834 Novo-Aleksandrovsk fortress was built at the crossroads leading to Uzbek khanates. At the end of 1839 and at the beginning of 1840, Count Perovsky, the governor-general of Orenburg, organized an unsuccessful winter military campaign against Khiva Khanate. In 1847, General Oruchev conquered the northeastern coast of the Aral Sea and founded the fortress of Raim (Kazalinsk). Island flotilla consisting of steamships "Nikolay" and "Konstantin" was established. By the years 1850–55, Kumushkurgan, Chimkurgan, Koshkurgan, Okmachit fortresses belonging to the Kokand Khanate, and the Ili River valley, where the Verniy fortress was later built, were captured by Russian troops. was captured. During the reign of Alexander II, the conquest of Central Asia became one of the priorities of the foreign policy of the empire. The attacks of the military units of the Kokand Khanate on the Russian settlements established in southern Kazakhstan, the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and the shores of the Aral Sea became a pretext for the acceleration of the march to the south. In 1865, Major General M. G. Chernyaev captured Tashkent and forced the city elders to sign a peace treaty. Emperor Alexander II issued an order to the governor-general of Orenburg and noted that if the people of Tashkent wish to accept Russian citizenship, it is necessary to satisfy their wish. In 1866, Russian troops captured Khojand and Jizzakh fortress. Chinoz fortress was built. The territories of Khojand and Chirchigorty were transferred to Russia. In July 1867, according to the emperor's decree, the Turkestan military district headed by the governor-general was established. In 1868, the troops of the Turkistan Military District under the command of Adjutant General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman started military operations against the Bukhara Khanate. In May, Russian troops approached Samarkand and occupied the city without a fight. In June, Bukhara Emir signed a peace treaty. Zarafskhan district was established. General Abramov's division captures Karshi and returns it to the emir of Bukhara. Shahrisabz and Kitab were occupied as a result of Major General Abramov's military operations in 1870. Shahrisabz and Kitab estates will be handed over to the emir of Bukhara. In 1873, as a result of extensive military operations, a campaign was organized from Turkestan, Mangishlok and Orenburg to Khiva Khanate. 49 companies, 32 hundredths, 34 guns and 2 steamers were involved in military operations. By May, the Hazorasp fortress was conquered, and soon Khiva, Kungirot, Khojayli, Mangit fortresses and Gurlan Bey surrendered. In August, a peace treaty was concluded with the Khanate of Khiva. The Khanate of Khiva accepted Russian vassalage, and the rule of Muhammad Rahim Bahadir Khan (Feruz) was preserved. In the fall of 1873, a new political agreement was signed with the Khanate of Bukhara. As a result of the military operations of 1875–1876, the Fergana Valley uprising against Khudoyar Khan and the Russian government was suppressed. Then the Kokan Khanate was abolished and the Fergana region within Russia was established. In 1881, the Akhal-Tekin oasis surrendered under fierce attacks of Russian troops, Ashkhabad was conquered. A convention was signed between Russia and Iran aimed at defining the border. In 1884 Marv surrendered. In 1885, the Turkmen tribes living in the Pendin and Murgob oases received Russian citizenship. Kushka has become the southernmost border town of Russia. Thus, by the 80s of the 19th century, the process of formation of Russia's borders in Central Asia came to an end. In 1895, between the Russia and Britain governments, an agreement was signed to confirm the spheres of influence with the dividing line in the Pamir Mountains.
