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This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Georgia |
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Executive |
Legislature |
Judiciary |
Parliamentary elections were held in Georgia on 8 October 2016 to elect the 150 members of Parliament. The ruling Georgian Dream coalition, led by Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili, sought a second term in office. [1] [2] Opposition parties included the former ruling party and main opposition, the United National Movement (ENM); the Free Democrats, formerly a member of the Georgian Dream coalition and led by Irakli Alasania; [3] and the Alliance of Patriots of Georgia. [4]
Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres (26,911 sq mi), and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million. Georgia is a unitary semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy.
The Parliament of Georgia the supreme national legislature of Georgia. It is a unicameral parliament, currently consisting of 150 members; of these, 77 are proportional representatives and 73 are elected through single-member district plurality system, representing their constituencies. According to the 2017 constitutional amendments, the Parliament will transfer to fully proportional representation in 2024.
Georgian Dream – Democratic Georgia is the governing party of Georgia. The party was established on 19 April 2012 by the billionaire businessman and politician Bidzina Ivanishvili. It is the leading party of the six-party Georgian Dream political coalition which won the 2012 parliamentary election. The political party Georgian Dream – Democratic Georgia currently has 115 seats in the 150-seat Georgian parliament.
Georgian Dream won 115 seats, an increase of 67 seats, while the United National Movement was reduced to 27 seats.
The 150 members of the unicameral Parliament are elected by two methods: 77 by proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency with an electoral threshold of 5%, and 73 by two-round system in single-member constituencies with majority rule requiring the winner to get over 50% (in previous election the first-placed candidate had to pass 30% threshold to win constituency seat).
In government, unicameralism is the practice of having one legislative or parliamentary chamber. Thus, a unicameral parliament or unicameral legislature is a legislature which consists of one chamber or house.
Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result - not just a plurality, or a bare majority. The most prevalent forms of proportional representation all require the use of multiple-member voting districts, as it is not possible to fill a single seat in a proportional manner. In fact, the implementations of PR that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include districts with large numbers of seats.
The two-round system is a voting method used to elect a single winner, where the voter casts a single vote for their chosen candidate. However, if no candidate receives the required number of votes, then those candidates having less than a certain proportion of the votes, or all but the two candidates receiving the most votes, are eliminated, and a second round of voting is held.
Boundaries of constituencies were re-drawn to reduce malapportionment effect. Previously size of electorates ranged from less than 6,000 voters in one district to over 150,000 voters in another. [5]
The elections did not take place in constituencies in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a de facto and partially recognized republic on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in northwestern Georgia. It covers 8,660 square kilometres (3,340 sq mi) and has a population of around 240,000. Its capital is Sukhumi and it is recognised as a state by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru and Syria. While Georgia lacks control over Abkhazia, the Georgian government and most United Nations member states consider Abkhazia legally part of Georgia, whose constitution designates the area as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, or the Tskhinvali Region, is a disputed territory in the South Caucasus, in the northern part of the internationally recognised Georgian territory. It has a population of 53,000 people who live in an area of 3,900 km2, south of the Russian Caucasus, with 30,000 living in Tskhinvali. The separatist polity, Republic of South Ossetia, is recognised as a state by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria. While Georgia lacks control over South Ossetia, the Georgian government and most members of the United Nations consider the territory part of Georgia, whose constitution designates the area as "the former autonomous district of South Ossetia", in reference to the former Soviet autonomous oblast disbanded in 1990.
Date | Polling firm/source | GD | UNM | OGFD | GLP | APG | CDM | DMUG | Girchi | SRP | SFP | Others | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
March–April 2016 | IRI | 19% | 18% | 10% | 7% | 3% | With DMUG | 3% | 12% | 3% | |||
1–3 April 2016 | GHN | 33% | 30% | 8% | 10% | 11% | 8% | 3% | |||||
23 February–14 March 2016 | NDI | 29% | 27% | 10% | 6% | 5% | <3% | <3% | <3% | 5% | 2% | ||
8–29 January 2016 | EPN Research | 31% | 20% | 9% | 9% | 23% | 7% | 2% | 8% | ||||
2015 | GHN | 20% | 27% | 33% | 4% | 6% | 3% | 2% | 6% | ||||
17 November–17 December 2015 | Newposts | 21% | 34% | 6% | 5% | 7% | 3% | 2% | 4.1% | 13% | |||
17 November–7 December 2015 | NDI | 31% | 21% | 11% | 7% | 5% | 4% | 2% | 10% | ||||
November 2015 | EPF | 18% | 19% | 19% | 13% | 10% | Tied | ||||||
8 August–10 September 2015 | NDI | 26% | 30% | 6% | 7% | 3% | With DMUG | 6% | 3% | 6% | |||
27 March–19 April 2015 | NDI | 24% | 16% | 9% | 5% | 6% | 11% | 8% | |||||
3–28 February 2015 | IRI | 36% | 14% | 10% | 6% | 5% | 5% | 1% | 12% | ||||
23 July–7 August 2014 | NDI | 46% | 15% | 6% | 16% | 30% | |||||||
15 June 2014 | Local elections | 50% | 22% | 3% | 4% | 10% | 3% | 32% | |||||
26 March–18 April 2014 | NDI | 46% | 16% | 11% | 13% | 7% | 30% | ||||||
13–27 November 2013 | NDI | 65% | 15% | 6% | 6% | 8% | 4% | 51% | |||||
18 August–3 September 2013 | NDI | 56% | 16% | 7% | 7% | 12% | 4% | 40% | |||||
12–26 June 2013 | NDI | 55% | 13% | 22% | 32% | ||||||||
13–27 March 2013 | NDI | 63% | 13% | 15% | 48% | ||||||||
14–25 November 2012 | NDI | 66% | 13% | 10% | 7% | 53% | |||||||
1 October 2012 | Parliamentary elections | 53% | 40% | 2% | 2% | 1% | 13% |
Georgian Dream declared victory soon after voting ended. Georgia Dream Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili told supporters at party headquarters that "I congratulate you with a big victory Georgia! According to all preliminary results, Georgian Dream is leading with a big advantage." Georgia Dream Deputy Prime Minister Kakha Kaladze added that the party's own data showed that it had won around 59 percent of the vote.
Giorgi Kvirikashvili is a Georgian politician who was Prime Minister of Georgia from 30 December 2015 to 13 June 2018. Prior to that he was Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development from 25 October 2012 until 1 September 2015, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1 September 2015 until 30 December 2015, and Deputy Prime Minister from 26 July 2013 until 30 December 2015. Kvirikashvili has led initiatives to advance Euro-Atlantic and European integration and highlight Georgia as an attractive location for foreign investment. On 20 June 2018, Mamuka Bakhtadze, who previously served as Kvirikashvili's Minister of Finance, was approved by the Georgian Parliament to succeed Kvirikashvili in a 99-6 vote.
Kakhaber Kaladze is a Georgian politician and retired footballer. He has served as a Mayor of Tbilisi since November 2017. A versatile player, he was capable of playing both as a centre-back and as a left-back, or even as a wide midfielder. He played for the Georgia national team from 1996 to 2011. He was voted Georgian Footballer of the Year in 2001–2003, and 2006 and was considered as one of Georgia's most important players.
However, the United National Movement campaign head Nika Melia accused the government of vote rigging, saying "Votes have been stolen from us. We will defend our votes." Other parties such as Democratic Georgia, the Labour Party and the Alliance of Patriots also accused the government of massive vote rigging. [6]
Party | Proportional | Constituency | Seats | ||||||
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Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Total | +/– | ||
Georgian Dream | 856,638 | 48.68 | 44 | 71 | 115 | +67 | |||
United National Movement | 477,053 | 27.11 | 27 | 0 | 27 | –19 | |||
Alliance of Patriots of Georgia | 88,097 | 5.01 | 6 | 0 | 6 | New | |||
Free Democrats | 81,464 | 4.63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | –8 | |||
Democratic Movement – United Georgia | 62,166 | 3.53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
State for a People | 60,681 | 3.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Labour Party of Georgia | 55,208 | 3.14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Republican Party | 27,264 | 1.55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | –9 | |||
Industry Will Save Georgia-Our Fatherland | 13,788 | 0.78 | 0 | 1 | 1 | –5 | |||
National Forum | 12,763 | 0.73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | –6 | |||
Georgia for Peace | 3,824 | 0.22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Georgian Idea | 2,916 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Tamaz Mechiauri - for United Georgia | 2,805 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Georgian Troupe | 2,182 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Communist Party | 1,757 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Our People, People's Party | 1,595 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Georgia | 1,548 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Road of Zviadi | 1,467 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
United Communist Party of Georgia | 1,467 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Progressive Democratic Union | 1,010 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Merab Kostava Society | 966 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
People's Authority | 810 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Our Georgia | 802 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Left-wing Alliance | 699 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Labour Socialist Party | 662 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
Independents | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 65,422 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Total | 1,825,054 | 100 | 77 | 73 | 150 | 0 | |||
Registered voters/turnout | 3,513,884 | 51.94 | – | – | – | – | |||
Source: CEC, Civil.ge |
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The following lists events that happened during 2016 in Georgia.
The first government of Giorgi Kvirikashvili was the government (cabinet) of Georgia, with Giorgi Kvirikashvili as its head as the country's Prime Minister. It was nominated by the ruling Georgian Dream coalition after the preceding Garibashvili government was dissolved following Garibashvili's resignation and won the confidence vote in the Parliament of Georgia overnight from December 29 to December 30, 2015. On 26 November 2016, after the October 2016 parliamentary election, the second Kvirikashvili government was approved by the Parliament.
The Alliance of Patriots of Georgia is a self-defined centre-right, conservative opposition party in the republic of Georgia. It was founded in 2012 by leaders from the Resistance Movement and its platform includes anti-Western positions. The party currently supports European integration, it supports Christian and democratic values, and the party demonstrates itself as a moderate-conservative party. The party campaigned against the building of a mosque in Adjara, saying “Turkey has too much influence in Georgia,” so it has been accused of Anti-Turkism. The party favours closer ties with both Russia and the European Union.
The second government of Giorgi Kvirikashvili was the government (cabinet) of Georgia, with Giorgi Kvirikashvili as its head as the country's Prime Minister from 26 November 2016 to 13 June 2018. The cabinet was formed after the victory of the incumbent Georgian Dream–Democratic Georgia party in the October 2016 parliamentary election. On 26 November 2016, the new government, which retained most members of the preceding one, was approved by the Parliament of Georgia in the vote of confidence, with 110 votes in favor; 19 members—representing the opposition United National Movement and Alliance of Patriots of Georgia parties—voted against. The government became defunct following Kvirikashvili's resignation on 13 June 2018. It was succeeded by the government of Mamuka Bakhtadze.
Mamuka Bakhtadze is a Georgian politician who has served as the country's Prime Minister since 20 June 2018. He had previously served as Minister of Finance (2017–2018) and, prior to that, executive director of the Georgian Railway company (2013–2017).
The government of Mamuka Bakhtadze is the incumbent government (cabinet) of Georgia, with Mamuka Bakhtadze as its head as the country's Prime Minister. The government was formed by the ruling Georgian Dream–Democratic Georgia coalition after the preceding one was dissolved following Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili's resignation on 13 June 2018. The incoming government won the parliamentary vote of confidence with 99 votes in favor to 6 against on 20 June 2018. The cabinet was reconfirmed, with 101 votes in favor to 12 against, by the parliament on 14 July after the previously announced structural reforms in the cabinet ministries were implemented.
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