Georgian parliamentary election, 2012

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Georgian parliamentary election, 2012
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All 150 seats to the Parliament
76 seats needed for a majority
Turnout 59.76%

  First party Second party
  Bidzina Ivanishvili (cropped).jpg Ivane Merabishvili.jpg
Leader Bidzina Ivanishvili Vano Merabishvili
Party Georgian Dream ENM
Last electiondid not contest 119 seats, 59.18%
Seats won 85 65
Seat changeNew partyDecrease2.svg 54
Popular vote 1,184,612 873,233
Percentage 54.97% 40.34%
SwingNew partyDecrease2.svg 18.84%

Georgian parliamentary election, 2012.svg

Map of electoral districts, winners by party-list.
Prime Minister before election

Vano Merabishvili
ENM

Prime Minister-designate

Bidzina Ivanishvili
Georgian Dream

Georgia
Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg
This article is part of a series on the
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Georgia

The Georgian parliamentary election of 2012 was held on 1 October 2012 in Georgia. It was the 7th legislative election held since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. [1] The opposition Georgian Dream coalition of billionaire businessman Bidzina Ivanishvili won a majority of seats. President Mikheil Saakashvili conceded his party's loss. [2]

Georgia (country) Country in the Caucasus region

Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres (26,911 sq mi), and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million. Georgia is a unitary semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy.

Elections in Georgia (country) elections in the country Georgia

Elections in Georgia gives information on elections and election results in Georgia. An election is a process in which a vote is held to elect candidates to an office. It is the mechanism by which a democracy fills elective offices in the legislature, and sometimes the executive and judiciary, and in which electorates choose local government officials.

Soviet Union 1922–1991 country in Europe and Asia

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres east to west across 11 time zones, and over 7,200 kilometres north to south. It had five climate zones: tundra, taiga, steppes, desert and mountains.

Contents

The election was held according to a reformed electoral system agreed upon by the incumbent and several opposition parties in 2011. [3] 77 of the 150 seats were allocated proportionally to party lists, the remaining 73 to the winners in single-member constituencies. [4] The new parliament was relocated from the capital of Tbilisi to the country's second largest city of Kutaisi later in 2012. [3] A new government was also formed following the scheduled 2013 presidential election as envisaged by the 2010 constitutional amendments. [5] South Ossetia and Abkhazia did not vote.

A single-member district or single-member constituency is an electoral district that returns one officeholder to a body with multiple members such as a legislature. This is also sometimes called single-winner voting or winner takes all. The alternative are multi-member districts, or the election of a body by the whole electorate voting as one constituency.

Tbilisi Capital city in Georgia

Tbilisi, in some countries also still known by its pre-1936 international designation Tiflis, is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million people. Founded in the 5th century AD by Vakhtang I of Iberia, since then Tbilisi served as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Between 1801 and 1917, then part of the Russian Empire, Tbilisi was the seat of the Imperial Viceroy, governing both Southern and Northern Caucasus.

Kutaisi Place in Imereti, Georgia

Kutaisi is the 3rd most populous city in Georgia, traditionally, second in importance, after the capital city of Tbilisi. Situated 221 kilometres west of Tbilisi, on the Rioni River, it is the capital of the western region of Imereti. Historically one of the major cities of Georgia, it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Georgia in the Middle Ages, and later as the capital of the Kingdom of Imereti. From October 2012 to December 2018, Kutaisi briefly was the seat of the Parliament of Georgia as an effort to decentralise the Georgian government.

Background

Protests

In 2009, opposition parties together held protests to demand the resignation of President Mikheil Saakashvili accusing him of concentrating power to himself, using riot police to crush opposition rallies in 2007. Again, in 2011 protests seeking the presidents resignation were suppressed.

2007 Georgian demonstrations

In 2007, a series of anti-government protests took place across Georgia. The demonstrations peaked on 2 November 2007, when 50,000–100,000 rallied in downtown Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. People protested against the allegedly corrupt government of president Mikheil Saakashvili. Protests triggered by detention of Georgian politician Irakli Okruashvili on charges of extortion, money laundering, and abuse of office during his tenure as defense minister of the country were organized by the National Council, an ad-hoc coalition of ten opposition parties, and financed by the media tycoon Badri Patarkatsishvili. Demonstrations occurred both in September and November 2007 and were initially largely peaceful. The protests went downhill by 6 November 2007, but turned violent the next day when the police, using heavy-handed tactics, including tear gas and water cannon, unblocked Rustaveli Avenue, Tbilisi's main boulevard, dislodged the protesters from the territory adjoining to the House of Parliament, and prevented the demonstrators from resuming the protests. The government accused the Russian secret services of being involved in an attempted coup d'état and declared a nationwide state of emergency later that day which lasted until late 16 November 2007.

2010 constitutional amendments

According to the amendments to the Constitution of Georgia passed on October 15, 2010, the Parliament elected in 2012 will have to form the new government after the new constitution enters into force upon the inauguration of the next president, who was scheduled to be elected in October 2013. The amendments envisage significant reduction of the powers of President in favor of Prime Minister of Georgia and the government. [5] According to another amendment, passed on 1 July 2011, the parliament elected in 2012 will be permanently relocated from Tbilisi to the country's second largest city of Kutaisi. [3]

Constitution of Georgia (country)

The Constitution of Georgia is the supreme law of Georgia. It was approved by the Parliament of Georgia on 24 August 1995 and entered into force on 17 October 1995. The Constitution replaced the Decree on State Power of November 1992 which had functioned as an interim basic law following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Prime Minister of Georgia

The Prime Minister of Georgia is the head of government and chief executive of Georgia. The Prime Minister organizes, directs, and controls the functions of the Government and signs the legal acts of the government. They appoint and dismiss ministers in the government. The Prime Minister represents Georgia in foreign relations and concludes international treaties on behalf of Georgia. They are accountable for the activities of the Government before the Parliament of Georgia.

2010–2011 electoral reform talks

In November 2010, the United National Movement and several opposition parties launched talks in order to develop a new electoral system. On 27 June 2011, the UNM succeeded in a gaining majority consensus for its proposed electoral system reform, effectively splintering the Group of Eight opposition coalition. Two members of the coalition—the Christian-Democratic Movement (CDM), and the New Rights, as well as two other opposition parties – the National-Democratic Party, and On Our Own—signed a deal with the UNM over the reformed electoral system, envisaging, among other provisions, increase in the number of parliamentary seats up to 190 (83 majoritarian and 107 proportional seats). [6] Six of the former coalition members—National Forum, Our Georgia – Free Democrats (OGFD), Conservative Party, Republican Party, Georgia's Way, and the People's Party—refused to join the deal and unveiled, on July 8, a new alliance, which collapsed on 6 October 2011. [7]

United National Movement (Georgia) political party

United National Movement is the opposition political party in the nation of Georgia.

The Christian-Democratic Movement is a political party in Georgia, founded in February 2008 and led by Giorgi Targamadze, formerly an Imedi TV anchor who had once been a Member of the Parliament of Georgia and a close ally of Aslan Abashidze, then a regional leader of Adjara. Former Imedi TV journalists Magda Anikashvili and Giorgi Akhvlediani and former Imedi producer Levan Vepkhvadze, all of whom left the station in January 2008, and one of the leading figures in the party Nika Laliashvili also joined the party.

National Democratic Party (Georgia) political party in Georgia

The National Democratic Party is a political party in Georgia. At the last legislative elections, 2012, the party won 3,050 votes, 0.14% of the national total. It was established in 1988 by Giorgi Chanturia as a radical splinter group of the Ilia Chavchavadze Society.

Parties

Georgian Dream political party

Georgian Dream – Democratic Georgia is the governing party of Georgia. The party was established on 19 April 2012 by the billionaire businessman and politician Bidzina Ivanishvili. It is the leading party of the six-party Georgian Dream political coalition which won the 2012 parliamentary election. The political party Georgian Dream – Democratic Georgia currently has 115 seats in the 150-seat Georgian parliament.

Republican Party of Georgia Georgian political party

The Republican Party of Georgia, commonly known as the Republicans, is a political party in Georgia active since 1978. Until March 2016, the party was a part of the Georgian Dream coalition that won the 2012 election, defeating the United National Movement.

The National Forum is a political party in Georgia established on December 15, 2006 by the former diplomat Kakha Shartava. He is the son of Zhiuli Shartava, a Georgian politician in Abkhazia, killed by the Abkhaz militias during the secessionist war in the region in 1993. Several veteran politicians such as Revaz Shavishvili, Irakli Melashvili and Gubaz Sanikidze also joined the party.
Party political council of the organizational members are: Kakhaber Shartava, Gubaz Sanikidze, Revaz Shavishvili, Irakli Melashvili, Nodar Javakhishvili and Irakli Gobejishvili. A leading Party member was economic expert Niko Orvelashvili who died on 15 January 2010.
The party advocates a parliamentary republic as a form of government in Georgia. Unlike most other Georgian political parties, it does not support Georgia’s aspiration to join NATO, and argues Georgia should be a "neutral country." The National Forum was a member of the United Opposition alliance which staged mass anti-government demonstrations in November 2007 and ran on an opposition ticket in the parliamentary election in May 2008. For the 2012 elections it was part of the Georgian Dream alliance that won the election against United National Movement. On April 3, 2016 National Forum left coalition after party convention, majority of members voted to leave Georgian Dream

Campaign

The radical opposition party, Democratic Movement – United Georgia, led by Nino Burjanadze, which had refused to join the talks, was behind the May 21–26, 2011 rally, which ended up with the clash with police, leaving four dead. [8]

On 7 October 2011, Bidzina Ivanishvili, the multi-billionaire businessman and philanthropist, who had formerly been on good terms with the authorities, stirred up the political scene of Georgia by unleashing criticism of the Saakashvili government and announcing his intention to establish a political party and to run in the 2012 parliamentary elections. [9] He named the Republican Party, led by David Usupashvili, and Our Georgia – Free Democrats, led by Irakli Alasania, among his future partners. [10] In a written statement, Ivanishvili revealed that, beyond dual Georgian and Russian citizenship, he also had a French passport. As a result, the Georgian civil registry agency ruled his Georgian citizenship had become invalid. According to the law, only Georgian citizens can set up or fund a political party. [11] In May 2012, the parliament voted to allow the European Union citizens to become MPs. On 27 May 2012, Ivanishvili and his Georgian Dream alliance announced the start of the campaign, drawing tens of thousands of supporters in a large anti-government rally in downtown Tbilisi. [12]

Because Ivanishvili was unsatisfied with the format proposed for the country's public TV broadcaster's election debates on September 9 and September 18, his Georgian Dream coalition refused to take part in them - the country's first such events. Ivanishvili would not debate prime minister Vano Merabishvili and would meet only Mikheil Saakashvili, saying: "I respect Vano, but [debates with him] will not work”. [13] [14] [15]

Demonstrations

After the screening of a video on Maestro TV and Ivanishvili's TV9 channel, showing torture in a Georgian prison, demonstrators called for Saakashvili's resignation. While the video was labeled as having been made by "political motivated persons," the national prosecutor's office announced the arrests of 10 people, including the head of the Prison No.8 in Tbilisi, [16] two deputies and prison guards. The interior minister, Bacho Akhalaia resigned. As well as the Corrections and Legal Assistance Minister, Khatuna Kalmakhelidze, also resigned. Saakashvili said: "Tonight, I tell all the victims of these inhuman actions and the whole nation that the Georgia we have built and we are all building together shall not and will not tolerate such behaviour - in its prisons or anywhere else. Those who committed these crimes will spend long years in jail, as will those who bribed guards to stage these horrors and film them." At a televised meeting later with prime minister Merabishvili, justice minister Zurab Adeishvili, prosecutor-general Murtaz Zodelava and new prisons service chief Giorgi Lortkipanidze, [17] he called for reforms, saying: "This system, the way it is now, should be entirely abolished." It was, he added, "an emergency" and he ordered that patrol police officers should perform prison duties until reforms were enacted. [18]

Foreign support

The foreign ministers of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania arrived in Georgia on 17 September in support of the democratic process, political reforms in the country and Georgia's "Euro-Atlantic integration." They were due to meet with President Saakashvili, Speaker of Parliament David Bakradze, Secretary of the National Security Council Giga Bokeria, unnamed opposition figures and the EU's electoral Monitoring Mission. This followed a visit by the foreign ministers of Sweden and Poland the previous week in order to discuss preparations for the election with unnamed national leaders and opposition figures. [19]

Electoral observers

The OSCE electoral observer team's Tonino Picula said on 23 August said his organization's monitors "had seen a growing political polarization in the country. They were particularly concerned by the practice of the State Audit Office of using broad discretionary authority to investigate the legality of individual or party spending and making questionable decisions and imposing harsh penalties without clear or transparent guidelines. The fines levied were disproportionate and apparently being applied in a selective manner mainly targeting one political subject". [20] President of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly Riccardo Migliori added that "there was little part of Leninism in Georgian electoral campaign, rather than presenting programs, they were trying to destroy their enemies." [21] [22]

Exit polls

Multiple exit polls displayed varying results, but all showed the Georgian Dream party to be in the lead. The first exit polls in Georgia's parliamentary election were showing a lead for the country's opposition group, the Georgian Dream coalition leaving United National Movement behind. The announcement was met with clapping and cheers at Tbilisi's Freedom Square. [23]

One of the polls was conducted by American company Edison Research, and was ordered by Georgian TV channel Rustavi-2. It showed the opposition with a 51 percent lead, with the ruling party taking only 41 percent of the votes which were given away by voters. [23]

Another poll conducted by the NGO Voters’ League showed Georgian Dream with 70 per cent of the votes, and the United National Movement with 25 per cent. [23]

Results

Winners by constituency Georgian parliamentary election 2012, uninominale winners.png
Winners by constituency
e  •  d  Summary of the 1 October 2012 Georgian Parliament election results
PartyParty-listConstituencyTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsSeats%
Georgian Dream
1,184,61254.97444185Increase2.svg 83*
United National Movement 873,23340.34333265Decrease2.svg 54
Christian Democratic Union
44,2932.050000Decrease2.svg 6
Labour Party of Georgia 26,7591.240000Decrease2.svg 6
New Rights 9,3790.430000Decrease2.svg 17
Free Georgia5,8920.430000Steady2.svg 0
For a fair Georgia4,0910.190000Steady2.svg 0
National Democratic Party 3,0500.140000Steady2.svg 0
Georgian Troupe 2,3440.110000Steady2.svg 0
Sportsmen Connection1,5750.070000Steady2.svg 0
Tavisupleba (Freedom Movement) 1,0230.050000Steady2.svg 0
Merab Kostava Society1,0110.050000Steady2.svg 0
Future Georgia7010.030000Steady2.svg 0
Labour Council5820.030000Steady2.svg 0
People's Movement5540.030000Steady2.svg 0
People's Party5340.020000Steady2.svg 0
Blank/invalid votes––––––
Total2,159,6331007773100150Steady2.svg
Registered voters/turnout3,613,85159.76–––––
Source: Central Election Commission of Georgia Results; Civil.ge, results of repeat polling
Note: * The Republican Party had two seats before the election.

Votes by regions

Region Georgian Dream United National Movement
Kakheti 48,05 % 47,06 %
Guria 58,79 % 37,33 %
Imereti 57,87 % 37,47 %
Mtskheta-Mtianeti 62,84 % 32,64 %
Adjara 57,53 % 37,01 %
Shida Kartli 51,48 % 42,92 %
Kvemo Kartli 38,72 % 57,05 %
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti 38,61 % 55,23 %
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti 46,45 % 48,63 %
Samtskhe-Javakheti 29,44 % 67,03 %
Tbilisi 68,27% 27,15%
Source

Reactions

One day after the election, President Saakashvili conceded that his United National Movement had been defeated. He announced to transfer power to a new government formed by the successful Georgian Dream coalition. [24] Georgian Dream leader Ivanishvili called on the president to resign to avoid a "sort of dual power situation," [25] but took back this demand on the day after. The opposition coalition formed a three-person working group to consult with the outgoing executives over a smooth shift of power. [26] On 4 October, the UNM formed a four-member team to negotiate with the new parliamentary majority. [27]

Georgian Dream activists gathered in front of some District Election Commissions in constituencies were UNM's candidates were leading, according to official preliminary results. The chairman of the Central Election Commission, Zurab Kharatishvili, complained that electoral commissioners had been intimidated. Prominent Georgian Dream politician Irakli Alasania claimed there had been manipulations in some precincts. [28] Representatives of the joint opposition list challenged the official figures and asserted that Georgian Dream had won more seats than announced by the Electoral Commission. [29] However, on 4 October Ivanishvili prompted his supporters to halt their protests in front of District Election Commissions. [30]

International

Flag of Russia.svg Russia - Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said on the day after the elections that "information on results of the elections demonstrates the people of that country are looking for changes. If those results become a reality – Georgia’s political landscape will be more versatile. This is only positive, as, most likely, this means more constructive and responsible forces will appear in the parliament. United Russia, being the leading political force in Russia, is ready for a dialogue on future of the Russia-Georgia relations". [31]

Russian Foreign Ministry’s spokesman Alexander Lukashevich said "I hope for constructive changes to let us normalise the relations. We will be judging not by statements, but by deeds”. At the same time, he warned Georgia’s new ruling power that Russia was not going to hold any negotiations on the law on "occupied territories", which Georgia adopted following the 2008 South Ossetia war. Lukashevich said that Russia would refer to the "Republic of Abkhazia" and "Republic of Ossetia" and not use the term "occupied territories". [31]

Chairman of the State Duma’s Committee on the CIS and compatriots Leonid Slutsky said "Georgia’s parliament will be managed by people, who oppose the present regime of Mikheil Saakashvili, and there is hope of a positive element in relations between Russia and Georgia." [31]

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References

  1. ↑ History of elections, 1990–2010. Central Electoral Commission of Georgia. Retrieved on 22 November 2011.
  2. ↑ Antidze, Margarita; Gutterman, Steve (2 October 2012), Georgia's president accepts his party lost poll, Reuters
  3. 1 2 3 "Saakashvili Clarifies Position on Parliament Relocation Issue". Civil. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  4. ↑ Antidze, Margarita; Gutterman, Steve (1 October 2012), Georgian opposition celebrates as both sides see victory, Reuters
  5. 1 2 "Key Points of Newly Adopted Constitution". Civil. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  6. ↑ New Electoral System Outlined. Civil Georgia. 27 June 2010.
  7. ↑ Coalition of Six Opposition Parties Collapses. Civil Georgia. 6 October 2011.
  8. ↑ "Protests in Georgia: On Rustaveli Avenue". The Economist. 4 June 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  9. ↑ Billionaire Outlines Political Goals. Civil Georgia. October 7, 2011.
  10. ↑ "Ivanishvili Speaks of His Planned Political Party". Civil Georgia. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  11. ↑ "Saakashvili foe Ivanishvili loses Georgian citizenship". BBC. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  12. ↑ "Mass opposition rally in Tbilisi, Georgia". BBC. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  13. ↑ No Agreement on TV Debates, Civil Georgia, 21 August 2012.Retrieved: 14 January 2013
  14. ↑ Georgian Dream Snubs Planned TV Debates on Public Broadcaster, Civil Georgia, 31 August 2012 Retrieved: 14 January 2013
  15. ↑ Merabishvili, Natelashvili, Targamadze in TV Debates, Snubbed by Ivanishvili, Civil Georgia, 10 September 2012.Retrieved: 14 January 2013
  16. ↑ Saakashvili's Statement on Inmates' Abuse Videos, Civil Georgia, 19 September 2012.Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  17. ↑ Saakashvili Tasks PM Merabishvili to Oversee Prison System Reform, Civil Georgia, 19 September 2012.Retrieved: 14 January 2013.
  18. ↑ "Georgia prison abuse film sparks protests - Europe". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  19. ↑ "Five Foreign Ministers Arrive in Georgia from EU Countries Due to Elections". Turkish Weekly. 17 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  20. ↑ "OSCE PA concludes pre-election visit to Georgia". Oscepa. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  21. ↑ "OSCE statements firm in their stance on fair elections". The Messenger. 24 August 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  22. ↑
  23. 1 2 3 Georgian opposition party wins majority of votes - exit polls - RT.com
  24. ↑ "Saakashvili Concedes Defeat in Parliamentary Election", Civil, 2 October 2012
  25. ↑ "Ivanishvili Wants Saakashvili to Resign", Civil, 3 October 2012
  26. ↑ "Ivanishvili: President's Resignation not a Demand", Civil.ge, 3 October 2012
  27. ↑ "UNM Names Four-Member Team for Talks with Georgian Dream", Civil, 4 October 2012
  28. ↑ "CEC: Members of Some DECs Intimidated", Civil, 3 October 2012
  29. ↑ "GD Claims it Won More MP Seats Than Official Results Show", Civil, 4 October 2012
  30. ↑ "Ivanishvili Calls on Supporters to Stop Rallying Outside DECs", Civil, 4 October 2012
  31. 1 2 3 "Russian evaluation of Georgian Dream", ITAR Tass, 6 October 2012
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