Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives

Last updated
Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives
Founded2000;25 years ago (2000)
FounderPaul K. Gjenvick
Purpose Genealogy, archive
Headquarters Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Website ggarchives.com

The GG Archives is a privately held archive containing materials related to genealogy, [1] military history, and other historical ephemera dating from the mid-1800s through 2000. The site hosts over 7,000 static web pages and 20,000 images. [2] The collections are composed of artificial collections [3] [4] of historial materials in twelve topical areas.

Contents

Based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the GG Archives provides free access to historical ephemera, articles, and photographs on specific topics, with a primary focus on genealogy-related materials [5] . These resources are intended for genealogists, historians, teachers, [6] [7] and researchers, covering historical periods primarily from the 1880s through the 1950s.

Launched in January 2000, the online collections [8] include materials on US immigration, [9] ocean travel, military history (with a focus on the US Navy), epicurean, vintage fashions, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), [10] and the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-19.

The site contains original steamship passage tickets or contracts, primarily for transatlantic voyages, between 1854 and 1956. These primary source documents provide valuable insights for illustrating family histories and are also used as educational resources K–12 students studying history and social studies. [11]

Known for their passenger lists collections, the site also provides detailed information and images related to ships in the "Immigrant Ships" section under "Ocean Travel."

Primary source materials can be found throughout the Archives' Immigration section [12] (covering US and Canadian immigration). These include passenger lists [13] [14] and immigrant inspection cards, which are often used as educational tools in various academic settings and topics [15] . [16]

The collections also include materials on vintage fashions, culinary history [17] , and historical articles on various topics, including a Q&A on the World War I draft draft. [18]

Major collections

Based on their top navigation links, the Archives' major collections include:

Immigration [19] [20] : This collection focuses on US immigration through primary and other sources [21] The Archives document the immigrant experience [22] with essential records, articles [23] , and information on mass migration [24] of immigrants [25] from primarily European countries to North America. [26] . Included are immigrant documents, [27] , steamship passage tickets [28] [29] records related to Ellis Island and Castle Garden immigrant stations, immigration laws, [30] , materials on steerage [31] . Ocean Travel: This section explores daily life aboard steamships [32] from the 1870s through the 1950s, using historical articles illustrated with photographs and period imagery. It features extensive materials related to the Cunard Line [33] , vintage ocean liner menus, RMS Titanic collections, historical steamship lines, biographies of sea captains', ports of call, and promotional materials such as travel brochures and Student Third Class Association (STCA) [34] materials.

Military Archives [35] : While primarily focused on the United States Navy, this collection also includes significant materials on World War I [36] [37] and the US Army. A notable portion consists of US Naval Training Center graduation yearbooks, particularly from Great Lakes [38] and San Diego.

Epicurean [39] : This collection covers historical culinary topics, including food, desserts, cooking methods, family recipes, vintage ads (epicurean), and historical wedding feasts

Vintage Fashions 1880s - 1930s [40] This section highlights period clothing styles for women, teenagers, and children, particularly in relation to steamship travel and luxury accommodations.

Entertainment During the Steamship Era [41] : This category features Brochures, flyers, images, and articles on entertainment aboard ocean liners. A portion of the collection also focuses on early 20th-century motion picture production.

Library [42] : A diverse collection of books, primarily covering reference materials, genealogy, maritime history, and military topics.

Other notable collections [43] : This section includes materials on the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919, and biographical collections related to Dr. Edward Jenner [44] and Thomas A. Edison, as well as the Bangor Punta Archives.

Collection highlights

Founder

Paul K. Gjenvick, MAS, an archivist, holds a bachelor's degree in accounting from Minnesota State University and a master's degree in archival studies from Clayton State University [50] .

Related Research Articles

RMS <i>Laconia</i> (1911) 1911 ocean liner

RMS Laconia was a Cunard ocean liner built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, launched on 27 July 1911, with the wife of the U.S. Ambassador Mrs. Whitelaw Reid christening the vessel. Laconia was delivered to the Cunard Line on 12 December 1911, and began service on 20 January 1912. She was the first Cunard ship of that name. She was torpedoed and sunk on 25 February 1917 during World War I; 12 passengers were killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steerage</span> Class of passenger accommodation in a ship

Steerage is a term for the lowest category of passenger accommodation in a ship. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, considerable numbers of persons travelled from their homeland to seek a new life elsewhere, in many cases North America and Australia. Many of those people were destitute in their homeland and had the minimum of resources to procure transportation. The term later widened to imply the lowest category of accommodation on a passenger vessel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pier 21</span> Former passenger ship terminal in Halifax, Canada

Pier 21 is a former ocean liner terminal and immigration shed from 1928 to 1971 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nearly one million immigrants came to Canada through Pier 21, and it is the last surviving seaport immigration facility in Canada. The facility is often compared to the landmark American immigration gateway Ellis Island. The former immigration facility is now occupied by the Canadian Museum of Immigration, the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design as well as various retail and studio tenants.

SS <i>Kaiser Wilhelm II</i> German-built ocean liner

SS Kaiser Wilhelm II was a Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL) Kaiser-class ocean liner. She was launched in 1902 in Stettin, Germany. In the First World War she was laid up in New York from 1914 until 1917, when the US Government seized her and renamed her USS Agamemnon. In 1919 she was decommissioned from the Navy and laid up. In 1927 she was transferred to the United States Army, who renamed her USAT Monticello. She was scrapped in 1940.

Economy class, also called third class, coach class, steerage, or to distinguish it from the slightly more expensive premium economy class, standard economy class or budget economy class, is the lowest travel class of seating in air travel, rail travel, and sometimes ferry or maritime travel. Historically, this travel class has been called tourist class or third class on ocean liners.

Norddeutscher Lloyd was a German shipping company. It was founded by Hermann Henrich Meier and Eduard Crüsemann in Bremen on 20 February 1857. It developed into one of the most important German shipping companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was instrumental in the economic development of Bremen and Bremerhaven. On 1 September 1970, the company merged with Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) to form Hapag-Lloyd AG.

SS <i>City of Glasgow</i> British passenger ship

SS City of Glasgow of 1850 was a single-screw iron hulled passenger steamship of the Inman Line. Based on ideas pioneered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel's SS Great Britain of 1845, City of Glasgow established that Atlantic steamships could be operated profitably without government subsidy. After a refit in 1852, she was also the first Atlantic steamship to carry steerage passengers, representing a significant improvement in the conditions experienced by immigrants. In March 1854 City of Glasgow vanished while enroute from Liverpool to Philadelphia with 480 passengers and crew aboard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inman Line</span> 19th Century British shipping line

The Inman Line was one of the three largest 19th-century British passenger shipping companies on the North Atlantic, along with the White Star Line and Cunard Line. Founded in 1850, it was absorbed in 1893 into American Line. The firm's formal name for much of its history was the Liverpool, Philadelphia and New York Steamship Company, but it was also variously known as the Liverpool and Philadelphia Steamship Company, as Inman Steamship Company, Limited, and, in the last few years before absorption, as the Inman and International Steamship Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allan Line</span> British shipping company

The Allan Shipping Line was started in 1819, by Captain Alexander Allan of Saltcoats, Ayrshire, trading and transporting between Scotland and Montreal, a route which quickly became synonymous with the Allan Line. By the 1830s the company had offices in Glasgow, Liverpool and Montreal. All five of Captain Allan's sons were actively involved with the business, but it was his second son, Sir Hugh Allan, who spearheaded the second generation. In 1854, Hugh launched the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company as part of the Allan Line, and two years later ousted Samuel Cunard to take control of the Royal Mail contract between Britain and North America. By the 1880s, the Allan Line was the world's largest privately owned shipping concern.

SS <i>Abyssinia</i>

SS Abyssinia was a British mail liner built in 1870, and originally operated by the Cunard Line on the Liverpool–New York route. She later served the Guion Line on the same route and the Canadian Pacific Line in the Pacific. In December 1891, Abyssinia was destroyed mid-Atlantic without loss of life by a fire that started in her cargo of cotton, highlighting the danger in carrying both cotton and passengers on the same ship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New England Historic Genealogical Society</span>

The New England Historic Genealogical Society (NEHGS) is the oldest and largest genealogical society in the United States, founded in year 1845.

The Liverpool and Great Western Steamship Company, known commonly as the Guion Line, was a British passenger service that operated the Liverpool-Queenstown-New York route from 1866 to 1894. While incorporated in Great Britain, 52% of the company's capital was from the American firm, Williams and Guion of New York. Known primarily for transporting immigrants, in 1879 the line started commissioning Blue Riband record breakers to compete against Cunard, White Star and Inman for first class passengers. The financial troubles of one of the company's major partners in 1884 forced the firm to return its latest record breaker, the Oregon, to her builders and focus again on the immigrant trade. The company suspended sailings in 1894 because of new American restrictions on immigrant traffic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Williams (commissioner)</span> Commissioner of Ellis Island

William Williams was the federal commissioner of immigration for the Port of New York, from 1902 to 1905 and again, from 1909 to 1914. His office was on Ellis Island, which was the location of the nation's most important immigrant inspection station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fabre Line</span>

The Fabre Line or Compagnie Française de Navigation à Vapeur Cyprien Fabre & Compagnie was a French shipping line formed in 1881 by Cyprien Fabre. It began operating a small fleet of sailing ships in 1865. Its ports of call included New York, NY; Providence, RI; Boston, MA; Ponta Delgada, Madeira, and Lisbon, Portugal; Piraeus and Salonica, Greece; Algiers, Algeria; Beirut, Lebanon; Naples and Palermo, Italy; Alexandria, Egypt; Jaffa and Haifa, Palestine; Constantinople, Turkey; Monaco; and Marseilles, France.

SS <i>City of Chester</i>

The SS City of Chester was a steamship built in 1875 that sank after a collision in a dense fog with SS Oceanic at the Golden Gate in San Francisco Bay on August 22, 1888. She was owned by the Oregon Railroad Co. and leased by the Pacific Coast Steamship Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21</span> Immigration Museum in Nova Scotia, Canada

The Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, is Canada's national museum of immigration. The museum occupies part of Pier 21, the former ocean liner terminal and immigration shed from 1928 to 1971. Pier 21 is Canada's last remaining ocean immigration shed. The facility is often compared to Ellis Island (1892–1954), in terms of its importance to mid-20th-century immigration to Canada an association it shares with 19th century immigration history at Grosse Isle, Quebec (1832–1932) and Partridge Island in Saint John, New Brunswick (1785–1941). The museum began as an independent institution run by the Pier 21 Society in 1999. It became a national museum run by the Canadian federal government in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steerage Act of 1819</span> US federal legislation

The Steerage Act of 1819, also called the Manifest of Immigrants Act, was an Act passed by the United States federal government on March 2, 1819, effective January 1, 1820. Its full name is An Act regulating passenger ships and vessels. It was the first law in the United States regulating the conditions of transportation used by people arriving and departing by sea. In addition to regulating conditions in ships, the act also required ship captains to deliver and report a list of passengers with their demographic information to the district collector. The Act was passed near the end of the term of the fifteenth United States Congress and signed into law by then United States President James Monroe. The Act was augmented by many additional Acts starting 1847 and finally repealed and superseded by the Carriage of Passengers Act of 1855. At the time of passage of the Act, the United States had no laws restricting immigration. In fact, the first federal legislation regulating immigration, the Page Act of 1875, was over 50 years in the future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carriage of Passengers Act of 1855</span> United States legislation

The Carriage of Passengers Act of 1855 was an act passed by the United States federal government on March 3, 1855, replacing the previous Steerage Act of 1819 and a number of acts passed between 1847 and 1849 with new regulations on the conditions of sea transportation used by passenger ships landing in the United States. The law was passed by the 33rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Franklin Pierce.

SS <i>Tenyo Maru</i> Ocean liner (1908–1933)

SS Tenyo Maru was a Japanese ocean-going passenger liner of the Toyo Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha completed in 1908 by the Mitsubishi Dockyard & Engine Works, Nagasaki, Japan. Its sister ships were SS Chiyo Maru and SS Shinyō Maru (1911). It had accommodation for 275 first-class, 54 second-class, and 800 steerage passengers, and could carry over 8,000 tons of cargo. The steerage class had an opium den for Chinese passengers. The ship had the following dimensions: length overall 575 ft., between perpendiculars 558 ft., breadth 63 ft., depth to shelter deck 46 ft. 6 in., to upper deck 38 ft. 6 in., gross tonnage 14,700 tons; displacement 21,500 tons at 31 ft. 8 in. draught.

SS <i>Moltke</i> Ocean liner launched 1901

SS Moltke was a German ocean liner built by Blohm & Voss for the Hamburg America Line. She was named after Helmuth von Moltke. Sister ship to the SS Blücher, she was launched in 1901, and sailed her maiden voyage in February the following year. According to the New Haven Morning Journal and Courier, she "was built for the eastern service of the line, but on nearing completion her interior arrangements were adapted to the New York service at Hamburg." Her first commanding officer was Captain Christian Dempwolf.

References

  1. ↑ RESCHE, Antoine. "L'exploitation de la ligne de l'Atlantique Nord par les compagnies françaises et britanniques (1890-1940). Mémoire présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur de l'Université de Nantes sous le sceau de l'Université Bretagne Loire, Soutenue le 7 décembre 2016" . Retrieved 2020-06-02. Discusses the site's relevance to genealogical research, particularly immigration to the US, including related documents, brochures, and articles. See pp. 677-678 for materials referenced in the thesis.
  2. ↑ "Using the Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives". GG Archives. Retrieved 2020-05-31. Low-resolution images are available for non-commercial use.
  3. ↑ Richard, Diane L. (8 August 2017). "Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives – Resources for Researching Immigrant Ancestors". National Genealogical Society. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  4. ↑ RESCHE, Antoine (7 December 2016). "L'exploitation de la ligne de l'Atlantique Nord par les compagnies françaises et britanniques (1890-1940)" . Retrieved 2020-06-02. Discusses the dispersal of White Star Line archives and the digitization of materials from various steamship lines.
  5. ↑ "Understanding the Immigrant Experience of Your Ancestors. – Further Exploration [GG Archives]". Focused Family Research. Retrieved 2020-05-29. Contains examples of documents used by immigrants and steamship lines.
  6. ↑ Howell, Cameron (2020-05-31). "Titanic ABC Book" (PDF). Floyd County NC Schools. Grade 7 instructional PDF. Materials included references to the GG Archives.
  7. ↑ "Ellis Island Coming to Life at Blowing Rock School, More Volunteers Needed". BlowingRockNews.com: Connecting the High Country. Retrieved 2020-06-02. Example of how Ellis Island materials are utilized in (K-12) education.
  8. ↑ "How to Trace Your Immigrant Ancestors" (PDF). National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2020-05-26. Includes references to historical documents, photographs, and passenger lists from 1800s-1954.
  9. ↑ Richard, Diane L. (8 August 2017). "Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives – Resources for Researching Immigrant Ancestors". National Genealogical Society. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  10. ↑ Fryxell, David A. (December 2015). "How to: Researching Ancestors Who Worked for the WPA". Family Tree Magazine. Retrieved 2020-05-25. (Requires Premium Membership to view online)
  11. ↑ Sergent, Jacqueline. "Primary & Secondary Sources - What's the Difference?" . Retrieved 2020-05-26. Teacher and student resources evaluating the GG Archives as a source for historical research.
  12. ↑ "Immigration Studies: Primary Source Materials – Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives". Logue Library, Chestnut Hill College. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  13. ↑ "Immigration Information – Passenger Lists – Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives" (PDF). San Francisco Public Library. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  14. ↑ Mooney, Tom (2 October 2017). "Out on a Limb: New Materials for Genealogists". Times Leader. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  15. ↑ Boelter, Mimi. "Voyage of Hope, Voyage of Tears" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Education. Retrieved 2020-05-25. Referenced in a Grade 7 English Language Arts test.
  16. ↑ "Kids and Teens: School Time: Social Studies: History: By Region: North America: United States". DMOZ Tools. Retrieved 2020-05-25. GG Archives provides access to steamship brochures, passenger lists, and immigration documents.
  17. ↑ "Resources on Michigan". Bernheimer's International Society. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-26. GG Archives described as a private historical archive with collections on immigration, military history, ocean travel, and social history."]
  18. ↑ Frances, EmilyAnn (9 March 2017). "46a-D'Agosto Family – Giuseppe comes to America: Exemptions from Military Service in WWI". Through the Byzantine Gate. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  19. ↑ Dalbello, Maria (2016). "Reading Immigrants: Immigration as Site and Process of Reading and Writing" (PDF). Umeå University and Royal Skyttean Society. Retrieved 2020-06-01. Uses immigrant images from the GG Archives.
  20. ↑ Blight, RGN, MSc, Ph.D., Karin Johansson (February 2019). "Migration and Mental Health". Center for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventative Medicine, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London. Retrieved 2020-06-02. Presentation included materials from GG Archives.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ "US Immigration through Primary and Other Sources – Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives". GG Archives. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  22. ↑ Fleming, E. J. (2009). "Chapter 1: Paul and Dorothy". Paul Bern: The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow. Jefferson. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 6–7+. Retrieved 2020-06-01. Includes discussion of RMS Titanic cargo and steerage passenger accommodations.
  23. ↑ "Genealogy Odds and Ends: Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives" (PDF). Venturing Into Our Past: The Newsletter of the Jewish Genealogical Society of the Conejo Valley and Ventura County (JGSCV). September 2017. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  24. ↑ Mitchell, Robert E. (2019). Human Geographies Within the Pale of Settlement: Order and Disorder During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 243–244. References Jewish migration from Bremen and Hamburg to North America.
  25. ↑ Borsi, Flora (May 2017). "The Forgotten Dream" . Retrieved 2020-06-01. Uses Ellis Island photographs in a modern-day photographic study.
  26. ↑ Tibert, Diane Lynn (31 December 2016). "Column: Exploring Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives". Roots to the Past: Atlantic Canada's Genealogy Hub. Retrieved 2020-05-30. Resource for researching Canadian and US immigrant records.
  27. ↑ "Chapter 3: Migration, Emigration & Immigration to the USA. in A Blacksmith's Tale: An Abbreviated History of Marter & Martyr Families from mainly Surrey & Kent and their Travels to Elsewhere in the World". Marter and Martyr One-Name Study, a part of the Guild of One-Name Studies. pp. 60–62. Retrieved 2020-05-31. Discusses immigrant inspection cards.
  28. ↑ "Current Value of Old Money: Trans-Atlantic and Other Inter-continental Passenger Fares" . Retrieved 2020-06-01. Analysis of historical steamship passage costs.
  29. ↑ Branchick, Blaine J. "Ship Ahoy: A History of Maritime Passenger Industry Marketing". Journals at Carleton University. p. 27. Retrieved 2020-06-02. Includes discussion of steerage fares in 1907. Note: Related footnote on p. 35.
  30. ↑ Marilyn Crawford, Stacy Galiatsos, Anne C. Lewis. "LDC Instructional Ladder I, Skills Cluster I: Preparing for the Task in The 1.0 Guidebook to Literacy Design Collaborative: Linking Secondary Core Content to the Common Core State Standards" (PDF). pp. 93–94. Retrieved 2020-05-31. Summary of US Immigration Laws.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ Verbrugen, Frances Augusta Ramos (3 December 2018). "Representations of Immigrants in Young Adult Literature". Dissertations and Thesis. Paper 4652. Portland State University. Retrieved 2020-06-02. Extensive discussion of steerage conditions.
  32. ↑ "Ocean Travel - Daily Life Aboard A Steamship". GG Archives. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  33. ↑ "The Cunard Line: A Transatlantic Legend" (PDF). Outlook: Aerospace History, Art Innovation, Travel, Jet Aviation. pp. 44–49. Retrieved 2020-06-02. Included materials from this site.
  34. ↑ Pietsch, Tamson (January 2019). "Commercial Travel and College Culture: The 1920s Transatlantic Student Market and the Foundations of Mass Tourism". Diplomatic History. 43 (1). Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations: 83–106. doi:10.1093/dh/dhy059. The STCA collection was used extensively throughout this article.
  35. ↑ "Military Archives". GG Archives. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  36. ↑ Ziegel, Aaron (2016). "National Service and Operatic Ambitions: Arthur Nevin's Musical Activities during World War I". American Music. Project MUSE. 34 (4): 414–446. doi:10.5406/americanmusic.34.4.0414. hdl: 11603/19240 . S2CID   194449101 . Retrieved 2020-06-01. Camp Grant described from materials on US Army Cantonments during WWI (P. 419).
  37. ↑ Vlachou, Maria (2019). "Where Do We Go From Here? This is the Real Dope: The Déjà Vus of an Increasingly Illiberal World" (PDF). Museums, Borders and European Responsibility – One Hundred Years after the First World War, ICOM Deutschland e. V. pp. 104–105+. Retrieved 2020-06-02. World War I brochure by William Brown Meloney of the same title used to illustrate how succinct the booklet was, and could that style be used today.
  38. ↑ "Thomas Sain – The Story of My Father's Service in WWII: Training". ESRI Story Map. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  39. ↑ "Epicurean ... a complete analysis of the culinary art in the 1900s, including table and wine service, selection of bills of fare, fine dining and entertainment and vintage recipes from that era". GG Archives. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  40. ↑ "Vintage Fashions 1880s - 1930s". GG Archives. Retrieved 2020-05-29. Women's, Teen's, and Children's Clothing Styles on Board the Steamships and While Travelling in Style and Comfort.
  41. ↑ "Entertainment in the Era of Steamships & Ocean Liners". GG Archives. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  42. ↑ "Books in the Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives Library" . Retrieved 2020-05-29. Large collection of books in a number of topical sections that provide an excellent reference for the researcher and genealogist.
  43. ↑ "Historical Ephemera Archives 1880s - 1950s". GG Archives. Retrieved 2020-05-29. A review of their many topical navigational links on the left gutter revealed some interesting topics – the WPA and Influenza Pandemic were from the era of steamships and ocean liners. The Bangor Punta Archives pertained to a defunct corporation circa 1964-1984 that had an interesting existence (2 US Supreme Court decisions), and as a conglomerate, owned some well-known companies such as Smith & Wesson, Piper Aircraft, Starcraft, and several powerboats and yacht/sailboat manufactures.
  44. ↑ McNeil Jr., Donald G. (27 June 2011). "Rinderpest, Scourge of Cattle, Is Vanquished". New York Times. Retrieved 2020-06-01. Mentions Dr. Edward Jenner and smallpox vaccination.
  45. ↑ Loe, MA, MLS, Nancy E. (3 May 2014). "Immigrant Ancestors Talk: Castle Garden, Ellis Island & Immigrant Ancestors". Sassy Jane Genealogy. Retrieved 2020-05-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ↑ Weintraub, Ph.D., Joel (March 2017). "The Ellis Island Name Change Myth". JewishGen: The Global Home for Jewish Genealogy. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  47. ↑ Roberts, Adam Call (9 November 2018). "James Johnston's Letter from King George". The Roberts Beazer Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  48. ↑ "The Black Ball" (PDF). Sidelights Magazine. 49 (2). Council of American Master Mariners, Inc.: 27 April 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  49. ↑ RESCHE, Antoine (7 December 2016). "L'exploitation de la ligne de l'Atlantique Nord par les compagnies françaises et britanniques (1890-1940)" (in French). p. 187. Retrieved 2020-06-02. Mémoire présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur de l'Université de Nantes sous le sceau de l'Université Bretagne Loire. Resche discusses the Famous Big Four Ocean Liner Brochure.
  50. ↑ "About the Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives". GG Archives. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
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