This family of musical instruments (also called crystallophones) includes those whose primary material is glass. They may be played using percussive techniques, such as striking the glass to produce a sound, or by utilizing friction to generate a resonant sound (a playing technique used for friction idiophones). Many glass instruments produce an ethereal, otherworldly timbre. A well-known glass instrument is Ben Franklin's glass harmonica.
Historical records suggest that early versions of glass and porcelain instruments were first developed around the 14th century in China, Japan, and Persia. [1] An encyclopedia of Chinese instruments in 1300 A.D. mentions an instrument consisting of "nine cups, struck with a stick". [1] [2] Similar musical bowls were recorded in Japan, taking the form of a porcelain gong, and in Persia as a set of earthenware water-filled cups which were tapped to produce notes. [1] These percussive instruments spread to Europe in the following centuries, but they may also have developed independently. Records published at Milan in 1492 [3] contain a woodcut depicting playing glasses as part of an experiment, and an inventory of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna compiled in 1596 [4] includes descriptions of a glasswork instrument with various octaves and semitones. Publications in 1677 describe using a wet finger to create resonant sounds by stroking the rim of eight glasses with various quantities of wine or other liquids, described as "making cheerful wine music". [1] [5] The music produced by different liquids of the glasses was thought to correspond to emotions relating to the four "humours" of the body, and even was attributed to curing various medical conditions such as "thickness of the blood". [1] [5] These descriptions resemble what is now known as the glass harp, an instrument consisting of various wine glasses filled with water to varying amounts and played by running a wet finger along the rim.
The earliest instance of a glass instrument being used in concert music was noted in 1732, with records stating that a series of partially-filled wine glasses were tapped with a muffled stick to perform concertos with supporting instrumentation from bass and violins. [1] [6] [7] Instructions on how to construct a glass harp, referred in a text by the French name Verrillon, were included in a 1738 text published from Germany. [1] [8]
The invention of the glass harp is often attributed to Richard Pockrich, an Irish inventor who popularized the instrument in 1741. [9] His invention, which he referred to as an "angelic organ," consisted of large glass bells which he would strike with a muffled stick and may have later played by running a moist finger along their rims. He popularized the instrument by going on tour in England and Ireland and performing famous pieces such as Handel's Water Music. [1] [10] In 1759, both Pockrich and his angelic organ were destroyed in a fire while staying in London. [1] [11] Performances using the glass harp grew in popularity in the following decades, accompanied by publications on instruction, maintenance, and repertoire. [1]
In 1763, Benjamin Franklin applied the principles behind the glass harp to invent his own glass instrument, the glass harmonica. This instrument places the glass bowls horizontally along a rotating axis. The glasses were originally kept wet by a sponge, but later improvements to the invention by other inventors redesigned the instrument so that the bowls rested in a trough of water, ensuring that their surface is always moist and improving tonal quality and ease of play. [1] The player may rotate the bowls using a treadle operated by their foot, and rest their hands along the bowls to produce a ringing sound. [12] Popularized by its ethereal sound, over 100 composers wrote works to feature this instrument. [13]
The glass harmonica grew very popular in Germany, and is attributed to supporting the romanticism movement in the late 18th century. [1] By 1830, however, the popularity of the glass harmonica declined. [13] The glass harp continued to have widespread popularity in England, in part due to its ease of accessibility compared to the glass harmonica. [1]
The glass dulcimer was also performed during this time. Accounts of this instrument, similar in design to a glass harmonica but struck with soft mallets instead of rubbing with ones hands, appear in books and plays around the 1770s. [14] [1] It is possible this is the same instrument as the glasschord, an instrument consisting of glass bars struck by padded hammers which would be activated by a keyboard, similar to a celesta.
The glass flute (or crystal flute) was patented in 1806 in France by Claude Laurent. These crystal flutes grew in popularity and were owned by emperors, kings, and heads of state, including James Madison. Only 185 of Laurent's glass flutes have survived to the modern day. [15]
While records of glass instruments persist into the 20th century, evidence indicates that their general popularity and performances declined past the 1850s. [1] Nowadays, glass instruments are used in compositions looking to capture an ethereal atmosphere. Some famous examples include using the glass harmonica in the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, as well as Marco Beltrami's film scores for The Minus Man (1999) and The Faculty (1998). [16] [17]
The Library of Congress invited the singer Lizzo to play a crystal flute from their collection in September 2022. [18]
Various modern glassblowers, instrumentalists, and performers have invented and utilized contemporary glass instruments. Some examples include:
Glass instruments are typically played as either percussion instruments or friction idiophones, with a few exceptions such as the crystal flute and glass violin.
When played using percussive techniques, the exposed glass would be struck with a mallet, finger, or hammer to produce a sound. Due to the fragility of glass as a material, the hammers or mallets used are often dampened with cloth or other material to mitigate the risk of fracturing the instruments. The glass may also be rubbed with the mallet to produce sound.[ citation needed ]
Friction idiophones produce sound by being rubbed or scraped with a non-sounding object. In the case of glass instruments, the glass is often rubbed with a moistened finger to gradually draw out a note. In the example of the glass harp, "as the player's finger moves around the rim of the glass, the nodes and antinodes move with it, resulting in a pulsating sound." [19]
Instrument | Origins | Description | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Glass harp (musical glasses, singing glasses, angelic organ, verrillon, ghost fiddle, seraphim) | 14th century; 1741, Richard Pockrich [1] | Cups or wine glasses are filled with varying levels of water. The glasses may either be struck with a dampened stick to produce a percussive sound, or a player may moisten their fingers and rub the rims of the glasses to produce a sound. | |
Glass harmonica (glass armonica, glass harmonium, bowl organ, hydrocrystalophone) | 1763, Benjamin Franklin [12] | Glass bowls of decreasing sizes are set on a horizontal axis that may be rotated with a treadle operated by the player's foot. The bowls rest in a trough filled with water that keeps their surface wet. The player gently rubs their fingers against the wet bowls to produce a sound. The pitch of the sound depends upon the size of the bowl being played. [12] | |
Glasschord (sticcado, possibly glass dulcimer) | Various records 18th century, possibly Benjamin Franklin [20] | Rows of glass bars of varying length may be struck by dampened hammers to produce a sound. The hammers are activated using a keyboard similar to that of a celesta. Mozart composed pieces for this instrument in 1791. [21] | |
Euphone (historical) | 1790, Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni | Rows of glass bars of varying length are struck and played to generate different tones. Discussed in Chladni's Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges. [22] | |
Crystal flute (glass flute) | 1806, Claude Laurent [15] | A playable flute made from glass. Most of the flutes are made from potash glass. True "crystal" flutes, which are made from high-leaded glass, are exceptionally rare. [15] | |
Crystal baschet | 1952, brothers Bernard and François Baschet | Metal rods are embedded in a heavy plate to form the elements. Each metal rod is accompanied by an attached glass rod. The metal rod's length, weight and position at the equilibrium point determine the sound's pitch. The glass rod is gently stroked with a wet finger to produce sound. | |
Verrophone | 1983, Sascha Reckert | Open-ended glass tubes are arranged in order of increasing size, often in a chromatic scale of increasing pitch similar to the pipes of an organ. Sound is produced by rubbing the ends of the tubes or by striking or rubbing them with a padded mallet. Multiple notes may be played at once due to the close proximity of the tubes.[ citation needed ] | |
Glass marimba | Unknown, contemporary | Glass keys of varying sizes are aligned over either a single open top box or individual resonators for each key. A soft mallet strikes the keys to produce a sound, similar to a xylophone. Different mallet types can bring out different effects. Glass marimbas are used by the Brazilian percussion ensemble, Uakti. | |
Glass violin (Hirom glass violin) | 2000s, Hario Glass Company (Japan) [23] | Made out of a single piece of hardened borosilicate glass, a glass violin plays just like a regular violin. The company has also produced other glass versions of popular instruments, including the Chinese harp, a cello, and a "bamboo" flute. [23] | |
Euphone (modern) | Unknown, contemporary | Glass rods are stroked by hand, triggering tuning rods and metal or fiberglass amplifying resonators. The result is a bell-like resonance. The instrument is a newer and more musical incarnation of the famous Cristal Baschet. [24] |
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument. Excluding zoomusicological instruments and the human voice, the percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments. In spite of being a very common term to designate instruments, and to relate them to their players, the percussionists, percussion is not a systematic classificatory category of instruments, as described by the scientific field of organology. It is shown below that percussion instruments may belong to the organological classes of idiophone, membranophone, aerophone and chordophone.
A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard, a row of levers that are pressed by the fingers. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various electronic keyboards, including synthesizers and digital pianos. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, which are usually housed in bell towers or belfries of churches or municipal buildings.
In organology, the study of musical instruments, many methods of classifying instruments exist. Most methods are specific to a particular cultural group and were developed to serve that culture's musical needs. Culture-based classification methods sometimes break down when applied outside that culture. For example, a classification based on instrument use may fail when applied to another culture that uses the same instrument differently.
Hornbostel–Sachs or Sachs–Hornbostel is a system of musical instrument classification devised by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs, and first published in the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914. An English translation was published in the Galpin Society Journal in 1961. It is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments by ethnomusicologists and organologists. The system was updated in 2011 as part of the work of the Musical Instrument Museums Online (MIMO) Project.
An aerophone is a musical instrument that produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate, without the use of strings or membranes, and without the vibration of the instrument itself adding considerably to the sound.
An idiophone is any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the vibration of the instrument itself, without the use of air flow, strings (chordophones), membranes (membranophones) or electricity (electrophones). It is the first of the four main divisions in the original Hornbostel–Sachs system of musical instrument classification. The early classification of Victor-Charles Mahillon called this group of instruments autophones. The most common are struck idiophones, or concussion idiophones, which are made to vibrate by being struck, either directly with a stick or hand or indirectly, with scraping or shaking motions. Various types of bells fall into both categories. A common plucked idiophone is the Jew's harp.
A metallophone is any musical instrument in which the sound-producing body is a piece of metal, such as tuned metal bars, tubes, rods, bowls, or plates. Most frequently the metal body is struck to produce sound, usually with a mallet, but may also be activated by friction, keyboard action, or other means.
The glass harmonica, also known as the glass armonica, glass harmonium, bowl organ, hydrocrystalophone, or simply the armonica or harmonica, is a type of musical instrument that uses a series of glass bowls or goblets graduated in size to produce musical tones by means of friction. It was invented in 1761 by Benjamin Franklin.
A lamellophone is a member of the family of musical instruments that makes its sound by a thin vibrating plate called a lamella or tongue, which is fixed at one end and has the other end free. When the musician depresses the free end of a plate with a finger or fingernail, and then allows the finger to slip off, the released plate vibrates. An instrument may have a single tongue or a series of multiple tongues.
A standing bell or resting bell is an inverted bell, supported from below with the rim uppermost. Such bells are normally bowl-shaped, and exist in a wide range of sizes, from a few centimetres to a metre in diameter. They are often played by striking, but some—known as singing bowls—may also be played by rotating a suede covered mallet around the outside rim to produce a sustained musical note.
A verrophone ("glass-euphonium") is a musical instrument, invented in 1983 by Sascha Reckert, which, "uses tuned glass tubes," open at one end and arranged in various sizes. The sound is made by rubbing one end of one or more of the glass tubes, or also by striking them or rubbing them with a special mallet. The tubes are close together so that chords can be played by rubbing more than one at the same time. The instrument carries more acoustical volume than the glass harmonica and some other glass instruments and generally has a range from G3 to F6. Every piece composed originally for glass harmonica can be played on the verrophone.
A waterphone is a type of inharmonic acoustic tuned idiophone consisting of a stainless steel resonator bowl or pan with a cylindrical neck and bronze rods of different lengths and diameters around the rim of the bowl. The resonator may contain a small amount of water giving the waterphone a vibrant ethereal sound that has appeared in movie soundtracks, record albums, and live performances. The instrument was invented, developed, and manufactured by American Richard Waters (1935–2013).
A crystallophone is a musical instrument that produces sound from glass.
Struck idiophones is one of the categories of idiophones that are found in the Hornbostel-Sachs system of musical instrument classification.
Black Angels, subtitled "Thirteen Images from the Dark Land", is a work for "electric string quartet" by the American avant-garde composer George Crumb. It was composed over the course of a year and is dated "Friday the Thirteenth, March 1970 " as written on the score. The Latin phrase in tempore belli, in time of war, written into the score by Crumb is a reference to the Vietnam War taking place at the time when Black Angels was composed.
A glass harp is a musical instrument made of upright wine glasses.
Friction idiophones is designation 13 in the Hornbostel-Sachs system of musical instrument classification. These idiophones produce sound by being rubbed either against each other or by means of a non-sounding object. Instruments of this type are not very common; possibly the best known examples are the musical saw and the nail violin.
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an instrumentalist. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have been used for rituals, such as a horn to signal success on the hunt, or a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications and technologies.
There are several overlapping schemes for the classification of percussion instruments.