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The Middle kingdoms of India were the political entities in India from 200 BC to 1200 AD. The period begins after the decline of the Maurya Empire and the corresponding rise of the Satavahana dynasty, starting with Simuka, from 230 BC. The "Middle" period lasted for about 1,500 years and ended in 1200 AD, with the rise of the Delhi Sultanate, founded in 1206, and the end of the Later Cholas.
The history of southern India covers a span of over four thousand years during which the region saw the rise and fall of a number of dynasties and empires. The period of known history of the region begins with the Iron Age period until the 15th century CE. Dynasties of Chera, Chola, Pandyan, Travancore, Cochin, Zamorin, Kolathunadu, Chalukya, Pallava, Satavahana Rashtrakuta, Kakatiya, Reddy dynasty, Seuna (Yadava) dynasty and Hoysala were at their peak during various periods of history. These Dynasties constantly fought amongst each other and against external forces when northern armies invaded southern India. Vijayanagara empire rose in response to the Muslim intervention and covered the most of southern India and acted as a bulwark against Mughal expansion into the south. When the European powers arrived during the 16th and 18th century CE, the southern kingdoms, most notably Tipu Sultan's Kingdom of Mysore, resisted the new threats, and many parts eventually succumbed to British occupation. The British created the Madras Presidency which acted as an administrative centre for the rest of South India, with them being princely states. After Indian independence South India was linguistically divided into the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana and Kerala.
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Kongu Nadu, also known by various names as Kongu Mandalam and Kongu belt, is a geographical region comprising present day parts of western Tamil Nadu, southeastern Karnataka and eastern Kerala. In the ancient Tamilakam, it was the seat of the Chera kings, bounded on the east by Tondai Nadu, on the south-east by Chola Nadu and on the south by Pandya Nadu regions.
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The Vaikunta Perumal Temple in Uthiramerur, a village in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. The temple is constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture. Vishnu is worshipped as Vaikunta Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Anandavalli. The temple was originally built by Pallavan, with later additions from the Chola. The temple is known for the inscriptions indicating the democratic practises of electing representatives for the village bodies during the regime of Parantaka Chola.
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Prashasti is an Indian genre of inscriptions composed by poets in praise of their rulers. Most date from the 6th century CE onwards. Written in the form of poetry or ornate prose, the prashastis stereotypically constructed a genealogy, the ruler's attributes, eulogize victories, piety and typically ended with one or more announcements of generous gifts and rewards he has given. They differ from the so-called "Cultic" genre of Indian inscriptions which praise a deity, religious founder, guru, or sages then typically announces gifts or donations to a monastery, school, temple or a generous cause. In some epigraphic literature, a prashasti is considered synonymous with a kirti or purva, and is related to the word kirtana which implies "songs and praises of" someone or a deity.
The Velvikudi inscription is an 8th-century bilingual copper-plate grant from the Pandya kingdom of southern India. Inscribed in Tamil and Sanskrit languages, it records the renewal of a grant of the Velvikudi village to a brahmana by the Pandya king Nedunjadaiyan Varaguna-varman I alias Jatila Parantaka in c. 769-770 CE.
Tulabhara, also known as Tula-purusha or Tula-dana, is an ancient Hindu practice in which a person is weighed against a commodity, and the equivalent weight of that commodity is offered as donation. The Tulabhara is mentioned as one of the sixteen great gifts in the ancient texts, and is performed in several parts of India.
The sixteen great gifts refers to a category of ritual donations mentioned in the Puranic texts of ancient India.
Hiranyagarbha is an ancient Indian ceremony involving the donation of a golden vessel. It is mentioned as one of the sixteen great gifts in the historical texts.
References
- 1 2 3 Annette Schmiedchen 2006, p. 146.
- ↑ Annette Schmiedchen 2006, pp. 145–146.
- ↑ Marko Geslani 2018, p. 206.
- ↑ Annette Schmiedchen 2006, p. 152.
- ↑ Marko Geslani 2018, p. 192.
- ↑ Suvira Jaiswal 1981, p. 145.
- ↑ J. Noorduyn & H. Verstappen 1972, p. 298.
- ↑ Upinder Singh 1994, p. 85.
- ↑ Florinda De Simini 2016, p. 32.
- ↑ Annette Schmiedchen 2006, p. 173.
- ↑ R. Nagaswamy 1981, p. 78.
- ↑ V. B. Mishra 1973, p. 70.
- ↑ Kambhampati Satyanarayana 1983, p. 135.
- 1 2 M. Krishna Kumari 1998, p. 30.
- ↑ New Indian Express 2017.
- ↑ Krishnaji Chitnis 2003, p. 80.
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