History
In January 1948, Amir Sjarifoeddin's cabinet signed the Renville Agreement, followed by his resignation some time later as prime minister. This led to various reactions by the public and the media. Some groups agreed with the agreement, while others did not. The formation of the People's Democratic Front was also an effect of the signing of this agreement. The groups that had been part of Sajap Kiri now mostly joined this front. The most important members of this front were the Indonesian Communist Party, the Indonesian Labour Party, the Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization, and the Pesindo army.
In August 1948, the tension escalated, from the textile workers' strike in Delanggu, Klaten, to the armed conflict between Soeadi's Senopati Division and AH Nasution's Siliwangi Division. This armed conflict began with the assassination of the commander of Division IV ‘Senopati’ named Soetarto, before his position was replaced by Soeadi. Eventually, mutual accusations and light armed conflict occurred around the Solo-Yogyakarta area, culminating on 10-13 September 1948, when there was an all-out battle between the two divisions.
General Soedirman finally responded to this event, and together with Colonel Gatot Soebroto, came to see President Sukarno, to ask for help. Sukarno finally appointed Gatot Soebroto as Military Governor of the Solo-Semarang region, and a military administrative area was formed called the Solo-Surakarta Special Military Region.
Elsewhere, Wikana and Setiadjit were ordered by the FDR leadership to inspect the Madiun region, which at that time was the strongest base of the FDR, and also had the title ‘the third city of the republic’, after Yogyakarta and Surakarta. On 18 September 1948, Pesindo units and other pro-FDR forces disarmed the government and took control of vital installations, one of which was a radio station. Through the radio station, it was reported about the new government that controlled Madiun, namely the Madiun Regional National Government Front. On 21 September 1948, Wonogiri was captured by pro-FDR forces, and the Wonogiri Regional National Government was formed. [5]
The National Programme was implemented by the new government in the form of confiscation of company assets, and so on. Soepardi was appointed by Wikana and Setiadjit as head of government in Madiun, Harjono as head of the National Front Committee, which functioned as a parliament, and Soemarsono as Military Governor tasked with coordinating civil and military affairs. Foreign media reactions to the takeover were varied, ranging from the general media in Indonesia to the Netherlands.
Sukarno was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
The Communist Party of Indonesia was a communist party in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its violent disbandment in 1965. The party had two million members in the 1955 elections, with 16 percent of the national vote and almost 30 percent of the vote in East Java. At the time, it was the largest communist party in the world after the Chinese and Soviet communist parties.
Abdul Haris Nasution was a high-ranking Indonesian general and politician. He served in the military during the Indonesian National Revolution and he remained in the military during the subsequent turmoil of the Parliamentary democracy and Guided Democracy. Following the fall of President Sukarno from power, he became the Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly under President Suharto. Born into a Batak Muslim family, in the village of Hutapungkut, Dutch East Indies, he studied teaching and enrolled at a military academy in Bandung.
Dipa Nusantara Aidit was an Indonesian communist politician, who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) from 1951 until his summary execution during the mass killings of 1965–66. Born on Belitung Island, he was nicknamed "Amat".
Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap was an Indonesian politician and journalist who served as the second prime minister of Indonesia from 1947 until 1948. A major leader of the left wing during the Indonesian National Revolution, he previously served as Minister of Information from 1945 until 1946 and Minister of Defense from 1945 until 1948. Amir was born into the Sumatran aristocracy and was educated at Leiden University. At Leiden, he became a member of the board of the Gymnasium student association in Haarlem and was involved in the Batak student organization Jong Batak. He returned to Indonesia due to family troubles but continued his education at the Rechts Hogeschool in Batavia.
Munawar Musso, commonly known as Musso, was an Indonesian revolutionary and political figure who was the leader of the Communist Party of Indonesia and one of the key figures in the 1948 Madiun affair.
Military Regional Command III/Siliwangi is an Indonesian Army Regional Military Command that covers Banten and West Java province.
This is the timeline of Indonesian National Revolution.
General Gatot Soebroto was an Indonesian general who began his military career with the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) and rose to be deputy Army chief-of-staff.
The Madiun Affair, known locally as the Communist Party of Indonesia rebellion of 1948, was an armed conflict between the government of the self-proclaimed Republic of Indonesia and the left-wing opposition group Front Demokrasi Rakyat during the Indonesian National Revolution. The conflict began on September 18, 1948, in Madiun, East Java, and ended three months later when most FDR leaders and members were detained and executed by TNI forces.
Suharto was the second President of Indonesia, having held the office for 31 years from 1967 following Sukarno's removal until his resignation in 1998.
The 3 July Affair in 1946 was a political upheaval in the then newly formed Republic of Indonesia. The Prime Minister, Sutan Sjahrir, was kidnapped by factions within the military opposing the Republic’s negotiations with the Dutch during the Indonesian National Revolution. It ended with the release of Sjahrir and a re-structure of both the Republican government and the army.
Wikana was an Indonesian minister and independence leader. He was one of the youths who forced Sukarno and Hatta to declare independence immediately after the surrender of the Japanese. He was the first Indonesian Minister of Youth and Sport. He was a member of the Indonesian Communist Party. Sometime after the 1965 coup d'état attempt, he was arrested and went missing. It is supposed that he was one of the assassinated in the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66.
The League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence was a right-wing nationalist political party in Indonesia established by former Army head General Abdul Haris Nasution as a vehicle for the Indonesian Army to enter the realm of politics. It was influential in persuading President Sukarno to introduce Guided Democracy in Indonesia and return to the 1945 Constitution.
Lieutenant General (Ret.) Bambang Soegeng was an Indonesian military officer and diplomat. He was the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army between 1952 and 1955, and was later ambassador to the Holy See, Japan and Brazil.
Kaharuddin Nasution was an Indonesian military official, diplomat, and former Governor of Riau from 1960 to 1966 and Governor of North Sumatra from 1983 to 1988.
The Governor of North Sumatra is the highest office in the province of North Sumatra. The governor of North Sumatra is an elected official who is responsible for leading the government in North Sumatra, proposing and enacting regional laws, and representing the North Sumatra province inside and outside the court. The governor alongside the deputy governor and 100 members of the Regional People's Representative Council are accountable for the strategic government of the province of North Sumatra.
Pemuda Sosialis Indonesia was a youth organisation that embraced the principles of socialism to uphold the Republic of Indonesia based on popular sovereignty. Pesindo was particularly closely associated with youth leaders in 1945. The role of youth figures such as Wikana and Chaerul Saleh, Soemarsono and Krissubanu, Ibnu Parna and other figures shaped Pesindo's identity, namely a revolutionary youth organisation against colonialism and fascism.
Ahmad Nasuhi was an Indonesian military officer who served as the Vice Governor of West Java between 1968 and 1973. He served in the Indonesian Army during the Indonesian National Revolution as a commander of a battalion within the Siliwangi Division, and was a noted anti-communist officer in the Indonesian military following Indonesian independence. He was imprisoned in the late Sukarno period due to his role in attacks on communist offices, before being freed during the Suharto period and becoming vice governor.
Raden Oetomo Ramelan was a former Mayor of Surakarta who served from 17 February 1958 to 23 October 1965. He was known as the only Mayor of Surakarta who came from the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). Oetomo was sentenced to death by the Extraordinary Military Court (Mahmilub) on 22 June 1967, and shortly after that, he most likely faced execution.
