Greek legislative election, 1963

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Greek legislative election, 1963
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg
  1961 3 November 1963 1964  

All 300 seats to the Greek Parliament
151 seats were needed for a majority

 First partySecond partyThird party
  Georgios A. Papandreou 1.jpg KaramanlisNatsinasAgora crop.jpg Male portrait placeholder cropped.jpg
Leader Georgios Papandreou Konstantinos Karamanlis Ioannis Passalidis
Party ΕΚ ERE EDA
Leader since196119551951
Last election86 seats, 33.66%176 seats, 50.81%22 seats, 14,63%
Seats won13813228
Seat changeIncrease2.svg 52Decrease2.svg 44Increase2.svg 6
Percentage42.04%39.37%14,34%
SwingIncrease2.svg 8.38%Decrease2.svg 11.44%Decrease2.svg 0.29%

Prime Minister before election

Konstantinos Karamanlis
ERE

Subsequent Prime Minister

Georgios Papandreou
ΕΚ

Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 3 November 1963. [1] They resulted in a narrow victory for the Center Union of Georgios Papandreou after three consecutive victories of Konstantinos Karamanlis and his National Radical Union party and after 11 years, during which the conservative parties (Greek Rally and its successor, the National Radical Union) ruled Greece.

Greece republic in Southeast Europe

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, self-identified and historically known as Hellas, is a country located in Southern and Southeast Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2016. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki.

Georgios Papandreou Prime Minister of Greece

Georgios Papandreou was a Greek politician, the founder of the Papandreou political dynasty. He served three terms as prime minister of Greece. He was also deputy prime minister from 1950–1952, in the governments of Nikolaos Plastiras and Sofoklis Venizelos and served numerous times as a cabinet minister, starting in 1923, in a political career that spanned more than five decades.

Konstantinos Karamanlis Greek politician

Konstantinos G. Karamanlis, commonly anglicised to Constantine Karamanlis or just Caramanlis, was a four-time Prime Minister and twice President of the Third Hellenic Republic, and a towering figure of Greek politics whose political career spanned much of the latter half of the 20th century.

Contents

Background

The early elections were caused by Karamanlis' resignation. It was a fierce confrontation with King Paul I and the royal family that led to the fall of the right-wing government. The King (influenced by the Queen Frederika and his son Constantine, according to Karamanlis' later argumentation) didn't follow the prime minister's instructions, concerning an official visit of the royal family to the United Kingdom. The King's stance outraged Karamanlis, who submitted immediately his resignation.

Constantine II of Greece former King of Greece

Constantine II reigned as the King of Greece, from 1964 until the abolition of the monarchy in 1973.

United Kingdom Country in Europe

The United Kingdom, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland but more commonly known as the UK or Britain, is a sovereign country lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state, the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world. It is also the 22nd-most populous country, with an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017.

The political unrest was also exacerbated by Georgios Papandreou's fierceful opposition. The leader of the Center Union was still refusing to accept the official results of the 1961 legislative elections, the elections of "violence and fraud", according to his aggressive rhetoric. Hence, he refused to legitimise the Parliament and he was inciting public manifestations against Karamanlis and the Palace.

Hellenic Parliament Legislative body of the Greek Republic

The Hellenic Parliament is the parliament of Greece, located in the Old Royal Palace, overlooking Syntagma Square in Athens. The Parliament is the supreme democratic institution that represents the citizens through an elected body of Members of Parliament (MPs).

In his "uncompromising struggle", Papandreou was supported by the United Democratic Left (ΕΔΑ), which was the party that suffered the greatest losses in the 1961 legislative elections and it had reasons to believe, that it was hurt by the alleged election fraud.

United Democratic Left Greek political party (1951–1977)

The United Democratic Left was a political party in Greece, active mostly before the Greek military junta of 1967–74.

In his archives, Constantine Karamanlis recognises limited incidents of fraud in the 1961 legislative elections, but he insists that these incidents:

The National Radical Union was a Greek political party formed in 1956 by Konstantinos Karamanlis, mostly out of the Greek Rally party.

Another incident, which blackened the image of the National Radical Union's government was the killing of the deputy of the United Democratic Left (ΕΔΑ), Grigoris Lambrakis. Karamanlis denied any involvement of his government in the killing and he demanded the immediate intervention of the justice. Indeed the resulting investigation by Christos Sartzetakis proved that there was no involvement of the government in the attack.

Nevertheless, the fact that some far-right fractions were proven to be guilty for the killing harmed Karamanlis, who seemed in the eyes of the public unable to control the extremists. This failure of the government was underlined by his own legendary apophthegm: "Who's governing this country?"

Interim governments

After he resigned, Karamanlis demanded immediate elections, wanting to take advantage of the timing. Nevertheless, King Paul I preferred to appoint an interim government, led by one of Karamanlis' closest colleagues, Panagiotis Pipinelis, whose role would be to pass a new electoral law, accepted by the main party of the opposition, and to put under control the political unrest. Nevertheless, Pipinelis' government failed to present a worthy work and it resigned, under Georgios Papandreou's arrows. Then, the King, under the pressure of Papandreou and disregarding Karamanlis' instructions, appointed a new "neutral" interim government, which would carry out the elections. This government, fiercefully criticised by Karamanlis, was led by the president of the Court of Cassation.

Results

Because of the slim difference of votes between the two biggest parties and, also, because of the electoral system, no party managed to have an absolute majority in the Parliament. In his later personal notes, as presented in his archives, Constantine Karamanlis justifies his party's narrow defeat with the following arguments:

Just after the elections, Karamanlis left for Paris, with his wife. Noteworthy, he had also left for France, just after his resignation, but he returned, in order to lead his party in the elections.

Greek legislative election, 1963.svg
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Centre Union 1,962,07442.0138
National Radical Union 1,837,37739.4132–44
United Democratic Left 669,29714.328New
Progressive Party 173,9813.72
List of Independents 22,0930.500
Movement for Democracy and Socialism1,0950.00New
Christian Democracy 1,2670.00New
Invalid/blank votes41,697
Total4,708,8511003000
Registered voters/turnout5,662,96583.2
Source: Nohlen & Stöver
Popular vote
EK
42.04%
ERE
39.37%
EDA
14.34%
KP
3.73%
Others
0.52%
Parliament seats
EK
46.00%
ERE
44.00%
EDA
9.33%
KP
0.67%

Aftermath

The outcome of the elections consisted a deadlock. Hence, Constantine Karamanlis proposed the formation of a new interim "neutral" government, whose duty would be to conduct new elections.

On the other hand, Georgios Papandreou was outspoken about his right to form a government of himself, in order to carry out the new elections.

King Paul I followed Papandreou's instructions, giving him the order to form an interim government, whose role would be to lead the country to new elections.

Karamanlis questioned the constitutionality of the King's decision, but, instead of insisting in his opinion, he preferred to resign and leave the country. Following his proposal, the party he founded, the National Radical Union chose Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as his successor.

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References

  1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p830 ISBN   978-3-8329-5609-7