Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's vault

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Men's vault
at the Games of the XV Olympiad
Kisahalli Olympia 1952 laatta.jpg
Plaque at Töölö Sports Hall commemorating 1952 Olympic sports held there
Venue Töölö Sports Hall, Exhibition Hall I
Date19–21 July
Competitors185 from 29 nations
Winning score19.20
Medalists
Gold medal icon.svg Viktor Chukarin Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union
Silver medal icon.svg Masao Takemoto Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan
Bronze medal icon.svg Takashi Ono Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan
Bronze medal icon.svg Tadao Uesako Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan
  1948
1956  

The men's vault competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics was held at Töölö Sports Hall (then "Messuhalli"), Exhibition Hall I from 19 to 21 July. It was the eighth appearance of the event. [1] There were 185 competitors from 29 nations, with nations competing in the team event entering up to 8 gymnasts and other nations able to send up to 3. The event was won by Viktor Chukarin of the Soviet Union, the nation's first medal in the event in its first appearance. Japan also earned its first medal(s): a silver and two bronzes, as Masao Takemoto finished second and there was a tie for third between Takashi Ono and Tadao Uesako.

Background

This was the eighth appearance of the event, which is one of the five apparatus events held every time there were apparatus events at the Summer Olympics (no apparatus events were held in 1900, 1908, 1912, or 1920). Seven of the top 13 (including ties for 10th) gymnasts from 1948 returned: gold medalist Paavo Aaltonen of Finland, silver medalist Olavi Rove of Finland, all three bronze medalists (János Mogyorósi-Klencs and Ferenc Pataki of Hungary and Leo Sotorník of Czechoslovakia), and tenth-place finishers Kalevi Laitinen of Finland and Lajos Tóth of Hungary. The reigning (1950) world champion was Ernst Gebendinger of Switzerland. [2]

Belgium, India, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Saar, South Africa, the Soviet Union, and Spain each made their debut in the men's vault. The United States made its seventh appearance, most of any nation, having missed only the inaugural 1896 Games. Of the 22 different nations that had competed at least once in the event before 1952, 20 competed in Helsinki (only Mexico and the Netherlands were missing among the nations having previously competed).

Competition format

The gymnastics format continued to use the aggregation format. Each nation entered a team of between five and eight gymnasts or up to three individual gymnasts. All entrants in the gymnastics competitions performed both a compulsory exercise and a voluntary exercise for each apparatus. The 2 exercise scores were summed to give a total for the apparatus.

No separate finals were contested.

For each exercise, four judges gave scores from 0 to 10 in one-tenth point increments. The top and bottom scores were discarded and the remaining two scores averaged to give the exercise total. Thus, exercise scores ranged from 0 to 10 and apparatus scores from 0 to 20.

The event used a "vaulting horse" aligned parallel to the gymnast's run (rather than the modern "vaulting table" in use since 2004). Each competitor had two tries for each of the compulsory and voluntary vaults with the better score to count. [3]

Schedule

All times are Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3)

DateTimeRound
Saturday, 19 July 1952
Sunday, 20 July 1952
Monday, 21 July 1952
7:30
8:00
8:00
Final

Results

RankGymnastNationCompulsoryVoluntaryTotal
Gold medal icon.svg Viktor Chukarin Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union 9.459.7519.20
Silver medal icon.svg Masao Takemoto Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan 9.559.6019.15
Bronze medal icon.svg Takashi Ono Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan 9.509.6019.10
Tadao Uesako Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan 9.559.5519.10
5 Hans Eugster Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland 9.409.5518.95
Theo Wied Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 9.459.5018.95
7 Iosif Berdiev Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union 9.309.6018.90
Ernst Fivian Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland 9.409.5018.90
9 Adalbert Dickhut Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 9.409.4518.85
Wolfgang Girardi Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 9.459.4018.85
János Mogyorósi-Klencs Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary 9.409.4518.85
Leo Sotorník Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia 9.359.5018.85
13 Helmut Bantz Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 9.409.4018.80
Ferdinand Daniš Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia 9.359.4518.80
Anders Lindh Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 9.409.4018.80
Alfred Schwarzmann Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 9.309.5018.80
Josef Stalder Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland 9.459.3518.80
18 Ahmed Issam Allam Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 9.359.4018.75
19 Ivan Čaklec Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia 9.559.1518.70
Dmytro Leonkin Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union 9.209.5018.70
Valentin Muratov Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union 9.259.4518.70
Ferenc Pataki Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary 9.309.4018.70
Jean Tschabold Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland 9.459.2518.70
Kalevi Viskari Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 9.459.2518.70
25 Raymond Dot Flag of France.svg  France 9.309.3518.65
Franjo Jurjević Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia 9.409.2518.65
Tetsumi Nabeya Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan 9.359.3018.65
28 Onni Lappalainen Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 9.359.2518.60
Mahmoud Safwat Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 9.109.5018.60
Melchior Thalmann Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland 9.309.3018.60
31 Dušan Furlan Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia 9.409.1518.55
Mathias Jamtvedt Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 9.259.3018.55
Akitomo Kaneko Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan 9.259.3018.55
Josy Stoffel Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 9.309.2518.55
35 Paavo Aaltonen Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 9.259.2518.50
Vladimir Belyakov Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union 9.109.4018.50
József Fekete Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary 9.209.3018.50
Hrant Shahinyan Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union 9.059.4518.50
Josef Svoboda Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia 9.159.3518.50
40 René Changeat Flag of France.svg  France 9.259.2018.45
Charles Simms US flag 48 stars.svg  United States 9.309.1518.45
Willi Welt Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 9.209.2518.45
Ali Zaky Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 9.459.0018.45
44 Arne Carlsson Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 9.309.1018.40
Paul Grubenthal Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 9.259.1518.40
Georg Johansen Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 9.309.1018.40
Yevgeny Korolkov Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union 8.909.5018.40
Kalevi Laitinen Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 9.209.2018.40
Kaino Lempinen Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 9.209.2018.40
Friedel Overwien Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 9.109.3018.40
Littorio Sampieri Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 9.159.2518.40
Hans Schwarzentruber Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland 9.259.1518.40
Volmer Thomsen Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 9.309.1018.40
54 Walter Blattmann US flag 48 stars.svg  United States 9.259.1018.35
Marcel Coppin Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 9.109.2518.35
Ernst Gebendinger Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland 9.408.9518.35
Poul Jessen Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 9.309.0518.35
Odd Lie Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 9.259.1018.35
Michel Mathiot Flag of France.svg  France 9.059.3018.35
Hans Sauter Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 9.209.1518.35
Ed Scrobe US flag 48 stars.svg  United States 9.359.0018.35
Josef Škvor Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia 9.209.1518.35
Mincho Todorov Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg  Bulgaria 9.159.2018.35
Erich Wied Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 8.959.4018.35
65 Jack Günthard Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland 9.159.1518.30
Alf Nørgaard Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 9.209.1018.30
Mikhail Perelman Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union 9.059.2518.30
Lajos Tóth Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary 9.059.2518.30
Luigi Zanetti Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 9.159.1518.30
70 Hans Friedrich Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 9.259.0018.25
Orlando Polmonari Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 9.059.2018.25
Frank Turner Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 9.209.0518.25
73 Joaquín Blume Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Spain 9.308.9018.20
Paweł Gaca Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 8.959.2518.20
Vladimír Kejř Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia 9.009.2018.20
Sándor Réthy Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary 9.109.1018.20
Bob Stout US flag 48 stars.svg  United States 8.809.4018.20
Kurt Wigartz Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 9.209.0018.20
79 Hubert Erang Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 8.909.2518.15
Alf Olsen Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 9.258.9018.15
Lajos Sántha Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary 8.959.2018.15
Jack Wells Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg  South Africa 9.109.0518.15
83 Ferenc Kemény Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary 9.208.9018.10
Arne Knudsen Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 9.109.0018.10
Hans Pfann Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 9.009.1018.10
Dimitar Yordanov Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg  Bulgaria 9.059.0518.10
87 Jack Beckner US flag 48 stars.svg  United States 9.258.8018.05
Magdy Gheriani Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 8.959.1018.05
Károly Kocsis Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg  Hungary 9.108.9518.05
Miloš Kolejka Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia 8.859.2018.05
Jindřich Mikulec Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia 9.108.9518.05
Zdeněk Růžička Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia 9.059.0018.05
Börje Stattin Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 9.258.8018.05
Todor Todorov Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg  Bulgaria 9.059.0018.05
95 Don Holder US flag 48 stars.svg  United States 9.208.8018.00
Bjarne Jørgensen Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 9.058.9518.00
Berndt Lindfors Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 9.009.0018.00
98 Ronnie Lombard Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg  South Africa 9.058.9017.95
Gunnar Pedersen Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 9.108.8517.95
100 Nikolay Atanasov Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg  Bulgaria 8.859.0517.90
Nils Sjöberg Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 9.108.8017.90
102 Vasil Konstantinov Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg  Bulgaria 9.008.8517.85
Heikki Savolainen Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 8.759.1017.85
104 Arrigo Carnoli Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 8.809.0017.80
William Thoresson Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 9.108.7017.80
André Weingand Flag of France.svg  France 8.958.8517.80
107 Friedrich Fetz Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 9.108.6017.70
Jey Kugeler Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 8.609.1017.70
Jack Whitford Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 9.058.6517.70
110 Frederik De Waele Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 8.858.8017.65
Manuel Gouveia Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 9.008.6517.65
Heinz Ostheimer Flag of Saar (1947-1956).svg  Saar 8.808.8517.65
Olavi Rove Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 8.159.5017.65
114 Andrei Kerekes Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svg  Romania 8.459.1517.60
Børge Nielsen Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 8.708.9017.60
Bill Roetzheim US flag 48 stars.svg  United States 8.858.7517.60
Ernst Wister Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 9.108.5017.60
118 Aurel Losnita Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svg  Romania 8.459.1017.55
Jeroom Riske Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 8.608.9517.55
120 Carol Bedö Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svg  Romania 8.558.9517.50
Ahmed Khalil El-Giddawi Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 8.558.9517.50
Ivica Jelić Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia 8.409.1017.50
123 Franz Kemter Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 8.908.5017.40
Magne Kleiven Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 8.708.7017.40
Frederic Orendi Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svg  Romania 8.409.0017.40
Fred Wiedersporn Flag of Saar (1947-1956).svg  Saar 8.658.7517.40
Ragai Youssef Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 8.758.6517.40
128 Ángel Aguiar Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 8.758.6017.35
Fabio Bonacina Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 8.359.0017.35
Francisc Cocis Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svg  Romania 8.508.8517.35
Ryszard Kucjas Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 8.359.0017.35
Zdzisław Lesiński Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 9.108.2517.35
Walter Müller Flag of Saar (1947-1956).svg  Saar 8.608.7517.35
George Weedon Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 8.359.0017.35
135 Juan Caviglia Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 8.408.8517.25
Marcel de Wolf Flag of France.svg  France 8.408.8517.25
137 Georges Floquet Flag of France.svg  France 8.258.9517.20
Ede Mađar Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia 8.209.0017.20
Quinto Vadi Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 8.308.9017.20
140 Szymon Sobala Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 9.158.0017.15
141 Guido Figone Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 8.708.2516.95
142 Ken Buffin Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 9.007.9016.90
Jean Guillou Flag of France.svg  France 8.908.0016.90
Ernst Madland Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 8.658.2516.90
Manuel Prazeres Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 8.408.5016.90
146 Armand Huberty Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 8.358.5016.85
Børge Minerth Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 9.107.7516.85
Peter Starling Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 8.358.5016.85
149 Freddy Jensen Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 7.809.0016.80
150 Rafael Lecuona Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 8.008.7516.75
151 Nikolay Milev Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg  Bulgaria 7.659.0516.70
Sreten Stefanović Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia 9.207.5016.70
153 Zoltan Balogh Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svg  Romania 7.559.1016.65
Graham Harcourt Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 8.558.1016.65
Jerzy Jokiel Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 9.157.5016.65
156 Mohamed Sayed Hamdi Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 7.758.7016.45
René Schroeder Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 7.708.7516.45
158 Raymond Badin Flag of France.svg  France 7.558.8516.40
159 Mahmoud Mohamed Reda Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 7.508.8016.30
160 Vincent D'Autorio US flag 48 stars.svg  United States 7.109.1516.25
161 Rolf Lauer Flag of Saar (1947-1956).svg  Saar 8.158.0516.20
162 Karel Janež Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia 7.108.9516.05
Jerzy Solarz Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 8.807.2516.05
164 Paweł Świętek Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 8.457.5015.95
165 Silvio Brivio Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 8.507.3515.85
166 Iliya Topalov Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg  Bulgaria 6.609.0515.65
167 Mihai Botez Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svg  Romania 6.509.0015.50
168 César Bonoris Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 8.956.5015.45
169 Erich Peters Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 6.658.7515.40
170 Francisco Cascante Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 6.658.3515.00
171 Eugen Balint Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svg  Romania 6.008.9514.95
172 Raúl Caldeira Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 6.508.0514.55
173 Arthur Schmitt Flag of Saar (1947-1956).svg  Saar 5.658.8514.50
174 Rolf Yelseth Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg  South Africa 7.057.3514.40
175 Vir Singh Flag of India.svg  India 6.507.5014.00
176 Norbert Dietrich Flag of Saar (1947-1956).svg  Saar 6.907.0013.90
177 Paweł Gawron Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland 8.005.5013.50
178 Joaquim Granger Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 6.257.0013.25
179 Maurice De Groote Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 4.757.2512.00
180 António Leite Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 5.256.0011.25
181 Stoyan Stoyanov Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svg  Bulgaria 9.209.20
182 Jakob Kiefer Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 9.009.00
183 Antun Kropivšek Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia 8.408.40
184 Manuel Cardoso Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 0.005.655.65
185 Khushi Ram Flag of India.svg  India 0.005.505.50

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's artistic individual all-around</span> Olympic gymnastics event

The men's artistic individual all-around competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics was held at Messuhalli, Exhibition Hall I from 19 to 21 July. It was the eleventh appearance of the event. There were 185 competitors from 29 nations. Each nation entered a team of between five and eight gymnasts or up to three individual gymnasts. The event was won by Viktor Chukarin of the Soviet Union, with his countryman Hrant Shahinyan taking silver. It was the Soviet debut in the event, beginning four decades of dominance rivalled only by Japan and ending only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union; the Soviets would win 6 of the 10 editions from 1952 to 1988, with Japan taking the other 4. Bronze in 1952 went to Josef Stalder of Switzerland ; it was the last medal in the men's all-around for any gymnast not from the Soviet Union or Japan until 1980.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gymnastics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's vault</span> Olympic gymnastics event

The men's vault competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics was held at Earls Court Exhibition Centre on 12 and 13 August. It was the seventh appearance of the event. There were 120 competitors from 16 nations, with each nation sending a team of up to 8 gymnasts. The event was won by Paavo Aaltonen of Finland with fellow Finn Olavi Rove finishing second; the medals were the nation's first in the men's vault. There was a three-way tie for third place resulting in three bronze medals being awarded to János Mogyorósi-Klencs and Ferenc Pataki of Hungary and Leo Sotorník of Czechoslovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's rings</span> Olympic gymnastics event

The men's rings competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics was held at Töölö Sports Hall, Exhibition Hall I from 19 to 21 July. It was the eighth appearance of the event. There were 185 competitors from 29 nations, with each nation sending up to 8 gymnasts. The Soviet Union, in its debut in the event, won a medal of every color but did not quite sweep the medals as there was a tie for third. Hrant Shahinyan was the winner, Viktor Chukarin took silver, and Dmytro Leonkin shared bronze with Hans Eugster of Switzerland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's pommel horse</span> Olympic gymnastics event

The men's pommel horse competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics was held at Töölö Sports Hall, Exhibition Hall I from 19 to 21 July. It was the eighth appearance of the event. There were 185 competitors from 29 nations, with each nation sending up to 8 gymnasts. The event was won by Viktor Chukarin as the Soviet Union swept the medals in its debut. It was the fourth medal sweep in the event, and last before apparatus finals with a two-gymnast-per-nation limit made further sweeps impossible. Yevgeny Korolkov and Hrant Shahinyan tied for silver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's parallel bars</span> Olympic gymnastics event

The men's parallel bars competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics was held at Messuhalli, Exhibition Hall I from 19 to 21 July. It was the eighth appearance of the event. There were 185 competitors from 29 nations, with each nation sending up to 8 gymnasts. The event was won by Hans Eugster of Switzerland, the nation's second consecutive and third overall victory in the parallel bars, breaking a tie with Germany for most all-time. Switzerland also took bronze, as Josef Stalder repeated his 1948 third-place performance. The Soviet Union's debut resulted in a silver medal for Viktor Chukarin, who would become the third multi-medalist in 1956.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's horizontal bar</span> Olympic gymnastics event

The men's horizontal bar competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics was held at Töölö Sports Hall, Exhibition Hall I from 19 to 21 July. It was the eighth appearance of the event. There were 185 competitors from 29 nations, with each nation sending up to 8 gymnasts. The event was won by Jack Günthard of Switzerland, the nation's second consecutive and third overall victory in the horizontal bar, breaking a tie with the United States for most all-time. Switzerland also took one of the silver medals, as Josef Stalder tied with Alfred Schwarzmann of Germany, competing at the age of 40, for second. Stalder and Schwarzmann were the first two men to win multiple horizontal bars medals; Stalder had won the event in 1948 and Schwarzmann had earned bronze in 1936.

References

  1. "Gymnastics at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games: Men's Horse Vault". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  2. "Horse Vault, Men". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  3. Official Report, p. 424.