| Gymnopilus subtropicus | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | Gymnopilus |
| Species: | G. subtropicus |
| Binomial name | |
| Gymnopilus subtropicus Hesler (1969) | |
Gymnopilus subtropicus | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
  | Hymenium is adnexed or adnate |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
| Edibility is not recommended | |
Gymnopilus subtropicus is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae.
The scientific name for this species is Gymnopilus subtropicus. It was first described by mycologist Lexemuel Ray Hesler in his 1969 monograph "North American Species of Gymnopilus", with the type collections made by Harry D. Thiers near Biloxi, Mississippi in 1959 (Hesler, 1969).
This species is classified in the genus Gymnopilus in the family Hymenogastraceae (Matheny et al., 2015). The genus Gymnopilus was established in 1879 by the Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten (1834-1917). Karsten proposed the name in his book "Bidrag till Kännedom om Finlands Hattsvampar" (Contributions to the Knowledge of Finland's Gilled Fungi) (Karsten,1879). Gymnopilus fungi are a diverse group of saprobic mushrooms that typically grow on wood (Hesler, 1969). They are characterized by their rusty brown spore prints, yellow to orange gills, and, when present, a typically cobwebby and ephemeral partial veil.
Gymnopilus subtropicus' closest relatives are other members of the genus Gymnopilus, although it has not yet been included in molecular phylogenetic studies.
G. subtropicus produces medium-sized mushrooms with yellow, fibrillose caps 1.4-4.5 cm broad. The gills are crowded, broad, adnate-decurrent. The stipe is 3.5-4 cm long by 3-5 mm thick, enlarged at the base, and yellowish above and brownish below. It has a cobweb-like partial veil when young, often remaining on the stipe, forming a ring.
Microscopically, it has ellipsoid spores measuring 5.5-7 x 4-4.5 μm that are dextrinoid. Gymnopilus subtropicus can be identified by several distinctive features including yellow cap scales, dextrinoid spores, interwoven cap tissue, and caulocystidia.
It is similar to G. lepidotus and G. pacificus but differs microscopically. Identifying Gymnopilus species is known to be challenging, even for experts.
G. subtropicus grows on oak and palm logs in subtropical forests across Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Hawaii, fruiting from March to August (Hesler 1969).
Some Gymnopilus species have psychoactive properties, but the biochemistry of G. subtropicus is unknown. It contributes to decomposition in its native ecosystems.
Gymnopilus is a genus of gilled mushrooms within the fungal family Hymenogastraceae containing over 200 rusty-orange spored mushroom species formerly divided among Pholiota and the defunct genus Flammula. The fruit body is typically reddish brown to rusty orange to yellow, medium to large, often with a well-developed veil. Most members of Gymnopilus grow on wood but at times may appear terrestrial if the wood is buried or decomposed. Members of Pholiota and Cortinarius are easy to confuse with Gymnopilus. Pholiota can be distinguished by its viscid cap and duller spores, and Cortinarius grows on the ground. Beginners can confuse Gymnopilus with Galerina, which contains deadly poisonous species.
Inocybe hystrix is an agaric fungus in the family Inocybaceae. It forms mycorrhiza with surrounding deciduous trees. Fruit bodies are usually found growing alone or in small groups on leaf litter during autumn months. Unlike many Inocybe species, Inocybe hystrix is densely covered in brown scales, a characteristic that aids in identification. The mushroom also has a spermatic odour that is especially noticeable when the mushroom is damaged or crushed.
Gymnopilus luteofolius, known as the yellow-gilled gymnopilus, is a large and widely distributed mushroom that grows in dense clusters on dead hardwoods and conifers. It grows in late July to November in the east and in the winter on the west coast of North America. It has a rusty orange spore print and a bitter taste.
Gymnopilus purpuratus is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It grows in clusters on dead wood, tree stumps and wood chip mulch. It is widely distributed and has been recorded in Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand, the UK and Germany. It has a broadly convex cap covered in small dry reddish-brown scales, a stout yellow stem beneath reddish brown, wine-red to purple vertical fibres, and a thick rusty orange spore print.
Gymnopilus sapineus, commonly known as the scaly rustgill or common and boring gymnopilus, is a small and widely distributed mushroom which grows in dense clusters on dead conifer wood. It has a rusty orange spore print and a bitter taste. This species does not stain blue and lacks the hallucinogen psilocybin.
Cortinarius caperatus is an edible mushroom of the genus Cortinarius found in northern regions of Europe and North America. It was known as Rozites caperata for many years before genetic studies revealed that it belonged to the genus Cortinarius. The fruit bodies appear in autumn in coniferous and beech woods as well as heathlands in late summer and autumn. The ochre-coloured cap is up to 10 cm (4 in) across and has a fibrous surface. The clay-colored gills are attached to the stipe under the cap, and the stipe is whitish with a whitish ring. The Latin specific name, caperatus, means wrinkled, and refers to the distinctive texture of the cap. The flesh has a mild smell and flavor.
Gymnopilus liquiritiae is a mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. The mushroom is widely distributed and grows in dense clusters on dead conifer wood. It has a rusty orange spore print, a bitter taste, and does not contain the hallucinogen psilocybin. One of its key distinguishing features is the lack of partial veil.
Gymnopilus luteus, known as the yellow gymnopilus, is a widely distributed mushroom-forming fungus of the Eastern United States. It contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. It is often mistaken for G. speciosissimus and G. subspectabilis.
Gymnopilus viridans is a mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. It is a rarely documented species, the last known collection being from the US state of Washington in 1912.
Gymnopilus validipes is a mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It is widely distributed in North America and Europe.
Gymnopilus luteoviridis is a widely distributed mushroom-forming fungus of the Eastern United States that contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin.
Gymnopilus braendlei is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae that contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. It was originally described by mycologist Charles Horton Peck as Flammula braendlei, from specimens found in the District of Columbia in 1902.
Mythicomyces is a fungal genus in the family Mythicomycetaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Mythicomyces corneipes, first described by Elias Fries in 1861. The fungus produces fruit bodies with shiny yellowish-orange to tawny caps that are 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) in diameter. These are supported by stems measuring 2–5.7 cm (0.8–2.2 in) long and 1–2 mm thick. A rare to uncommon species, it is found in northern temperate regions of North America and Europe, where it typically fruits in groups, in wet areas of coniferous forests. There are several species with which M. corneipes might be confused due to a comparable appearance or similar range and habitat, but microscopic characteristics can be used to reliably distinguish between them.
Coprinellus deliquescens is the type species of mushrooms in its genus and belongs to the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described as Agaricus deliquescens in 1790 by French mycologist Bulliard before being transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 1879 by Petter Karsten.
Gymnopilus bellulus is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was given its current name by American mycologist Murrill in 1917. It is odorless, bitter in taste, and regarded as inedible.
Gymnopilus cyanopalmicola is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Found in tropical Mexico, it was described as new to science by Mexican mycologist Laura Guzmán Dávalos in 2006. The flesh of this mushroom turns blue when bruised, hence the specific epithet.
Mycena cinerella, commonly known as the mealy bonnet, is an inedible species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Europe and the United States, where it grows in groups on fallen leaves and needles under pine and Douglas fir. The small grayish mushrooms have caps that are up to 1.5 cm (0.6 in) wide atop stipes that are 5 cm (2.0 in) long and 2.5 mm (0.10 in) thick. Its gills are grayish-white and adnate, with a "tooth" that runs slightly down the stipe. The fungus has both two- and four-spored basidia. As its common name suggests, it smells mealy.
Gymnopilus punctifolius is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae found in North America.
Strobilurus tenacellus, commonly known as the pinecone cap, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. It is found in Asia and Europe, where it grows on the fallen cones of pine and spruce trees. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) are small, with convex to flat, reddish to brownish caps up to 15 mm (0.6 in) in diameter, set atop thin cylindrical stems up to 4–7.5 cm (1.6–3.0 in) long with a rooting base. A characteristic microscopic feature of the mushroom is the sharp, thin-walled cystidia found on the stipe, gills, and cap. The mushrooms, sometimes described as edible, are too small to be of culinary interest. The fungus releases compounds called strobilurins that suppress the growth and development of other fungi. Derivatives of these compounds are used as an important class of agricultural fungicides.
Hydnellum scrobiculatum, commonly known as the ridged tooth, is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.
Hesler, L.R. (1969). North American species of Gymnopilus. Mycologia Memoir No. 3. J. Cramer: NY. 117 pp.
Karsten P.A. (1879) Bidrag till Kännedom om Finlands Hattsvampar. Helsingfors.
Matheny, P.B. et al. (2015). Two new genera of Agaricales. Systematics and Biodiversity.13(1), 28–41.
Strauss, D. et al. (2022). Taxonomy, phylogenetics of psychedelic mushrooms. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 5, 1–9.
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