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The halophiles, named after the Greek word for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations. While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin. Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible candidate for extremophiles living in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and other similar moons.
Halomonadaceae is a family of halophilic Proteobacteria.
Halobacterium is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.
GFAJ-1 is a strain of rod-shaped bacteria in the family Halomonadaceae. It is an extremophile that was isolated from the hypersaline and alkaline Mono Lake in eastern California by geobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon, a NASA research fellow in residence at the US Geological Survey. In a 2010 Science journal publication, the authors claimed that the microbe, when starved of phosphorus, is capable of substituting arsenic for a small percentage of its phosphorus to sustain its growth. Immediately after publication, other microbiologists and biochemists expressed doubt about this claim which was robustly criticized in the scientific community. Subsequent independent studies published in 2012 found no detectable arsenate in the DNA of GFAJ-1, refuted the claim, and demonstrated that GFAJ-1 is simply an arsenate-resistant, phosphate-dependent organism.
Halomonas nitroreducens is a Gram-negative halophilic Proteobacteria, that is able to respire on nitrate and nitrite in anaerobiosis.
Gallaecimonas is a recently described genus of bacteria. The first described species of this genus was Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated by Rodríguez Blanco et al. in 2010 from intertidal sediments of the ria of Corcubión. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, halotolerant bacterium in the class Gammaproteobacteria. It can degrade high molecular mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of 4 and 5 rings. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the type strain CEE_131(T) proved to be distantly related to those of Rheinheimera and Serratia. Its G+C content was 41.7 mol%.
Deleya halophila is a salt-loving, gram-negative bacteria. It is known to habitat marine environments, solar salterns, saline soils, and salted food. The genus was named after J. De Ley, a noted biologist. Its type strain is CCM 3662.
Halomonas subglaciescola is a Gram-negative halophilic Proteobacteria. It was first isolated from an Antarctic, hypersaline, meromictic lake, but has since been found in other environments, such as fermenting seafood. It has a largely oxidative mode of metabolism and it is motile through peritrichous flagellation. This species doesn't utilise glucose, and its type strain is ACAM 12.
Novosphingobium pentaromativorans is a species of high-molecular-mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium. It is Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented and halophilic. With type strain US6-1T. Its genome has been sequenced.
Halomonas ventosae is a moderately halophilic, denitrifying, exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium. Its type strain is Al12T.
Natrinema versiforme is an extremely halophilic archaeon. It is neutrophilic, non-motile and pleomorphic, with type strain XF10T.
Halobaculum gomorrense is an extremely halophilic archaeon first isolated from the Dead Sea. It is rod-shaped, with type strain DSM 9297.
Marinobacter lipolyticus is a moderate halophile with lipolytic activity. It is Gram-negative and rod-shaped, with type strain SM19T.
Halobacterium noricense is a halophilic, rod-shaped microorganism that thrives in environments with salt levels near saturation. Despite the implication of the name, Halobacterium is actually a genus of archaea, not bacteria. H. noricense can be isolated from environments with high salinity such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Members of the Halobacterium genus are excellent model organisms for DNA replication and transcription due to the stability of their proteins and polymerases when exposed to high temperatures. To be classified in the genus Halobacterium, a microorganism must exhibit a membrane composition consisting of ether-linked phosphoglycerides and glycolipids.
Halomonas desiderata is an alkaliphilic, halotolerant and denitrifying bacterium first isolated from a municipal sewage works.
Halomonas alimentaria is a bacterium first isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood, hence its name. It is Gram-negative, moderately halophilic, non-motile and coccus- or short rod-shaped, with type strain YKJ-16T.
Halomonas anticariensis is a bacterium. It is strictly aerobic and because of its production of exopolysaccharides forms cream-coloured, mucoid colonies. FP35T is the type strain. Its genome has been sequenced.
Halomonas johnsoniae is a halophilic bacteria first isolated from the environment surrounding dialysis patients. It is closely related to H. magadiensis.
Halomonas hamiltonii is a halophilic bacteria first isolated from the environment surrounding dialysis patients. It is closely related to H. magadiensis.
Halomonas elongata is considered the type species of the genus Halomonas. It is a Gram negative, rod-shaped, halophilic proteobacteria. H. elongata is motile with the use of polar flagella. As a halophile, it inhabits saline environments including estuaries, a marine environment, and saline lakes. H. elongata grows aerobically and anaerobically in saline media. There are many other Halomonas species. H. elongata reduces nitrate to nitrite. It ferments glucose, oxidizes sucrose, oxidizes glycerol, oxidizes mannose, and oxidizes cellobiose. H. elongata is catalase positive. It grows at room temperature.
References
- ↑ Garcia, M. T. (2004). "Halomonas organivorans sp. nov., a moderate halophile able to degrade aromatic compounds". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (5): 1723–1728. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63114-0 . ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 15388735.